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第4章 冠 词 4.2 冠词的基本用法

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2019年04月22日

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4.2 冠词的基本用法

4.2.1 不定冠词的基本用法

不定冠词主要用在可数名词单数前,表示:

1)“一个”(意思接近one):

Rome was not built in a day. (谚)罗马不是一天建成的。

There was now not a minute to lose. 现在一分钟也不能耽误。

His wages were four hundred pounds a week. 他每周工资四百镑。

I can only carry two at a time. 我一次只能拿两个。

A thousand people attended the concert. 一千人出席了这次音乐会。

A fifth of the population are young children. 五分之一的人口是儿童。

She is a friend of mine. 她是我的一位朋友。

可用在大量表示数量的词组中:

four times a day 一天四次

half a kilo 半公斤

one pound a metre 一英镑一米

60 km an hour 每小时六十公里

a quarter of a mile 四分之一英里

a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡

2)“某一个”(=a certain,但仍可译作“一个”):

A car is waiting at the gate. 有一辆车在门口等着。

He was born in a small city in Hunan. 他出生于湖南的一座小城。

A scholar is coming to speak to us. 一位学者将来给我们作报告。

She told us an interesting story. 她给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

3) 某类人或物(可用在表语、同位语等中):

She is a Canadian (dancer). 她是加拿大人(舞蹈演员)。

Is this a planer or a lathe? 这是刨床还是车床?

The book was written by Dr. Cooper,a geneticist. 这书是遗传学家古柏博士写的。

He does not seem to be a particularly able person. 他似乎不是一个特别能干的人。

We knew Moses as an authority on Wagner. 我们知道摩西是研究瓦格纳的专家。

4) 某类人或物(可作主语,表示整个这类人或东西):

A child needs love. 孩子需要爱。

An owl can see in the dark. 猫头鹰能在黑夜中看东西.

An upright man should be honest and fair. 正直的人应当诚实公正。

A rattlesnake is a poisonous American snake. 响尾蛇是美洲的一种毒蛇。

在前两种用法中,a通常译作“一个”,在把这名词变为复数时,a需换作数词或不定代词:

Two fifths of the population are women. 五分之二的人是妇女。

A few scholars are coming to speak to us. 几位学者将来给我们作报告。

They ordered three cups of coffee. 他们要了三杯咖啡。

She told us some interesting stories. 她给我们讲了几个有趣的故事。

在后两种用法中,译成汉语时常不带“一”字,在把名词变为复数时,前面常不加什么:

Children need love. 孩子需要爱。

They don't seem to be particularly able persons. 他们似乎不是特别能干的人。

Rattlesnakes are poisonous American snakes. 响尾蛇是美洲的毒蛇。

Are these planers or lathes? 这些是刨床还是车床?

4.2.2 定冠词的基本用法

定冠词主要有下面这些用法:

1) 和个体名词的单数或复数连用,表示某个(些)特定的人或东西:

Where is (are) the other girl(s)? 另外那(几)个姑娘在哪里?

Put the parcel(s) on the table. 把那个(些)包裹放在桌上。

Show the guest(s) to his (their) room. 带客人去看他(们)的房间。

The bus has left. We had to wait for the next bus. 车开走了,我们得等下一班车。

Did you go to the opening ceremony? 你参加开幕典礼了吗?

凡属特指的名词(即指特定的人或物)都应加the,试比较下面的句子:

特 指 泛 指

* * *

* * *

Pass me the salt. 把盐递给我。 Give me some salt. 给我点盐。

Take the medicine now. 现在就把药吃掉。 You'd better take some medicine. 你最好吃点药。

Here are the records I bought. 这些是我买的唱片。 I bought two records for you. 我给你买了两张唱片。

How do you like the children's performance? 你觉得孩子们的演出如何? I like children's performance. 我喜欢孩子们的演出。

在第二次提到某样东西(甚至与它有关的东西)时,常在前面加the:

He bought a TV and a video recorder, but he returned the video recorder. 他买了一台电视机和一台录像机,但把录像机退了。

She bought a bicycle,but when she rode it one of the wheels came off. 她买了一辆自行车,可骑上去时一个轮子掉了。

He saw a house in the country. He stood outside it for a while before going in. In the front room there was a fire burning in the fireplace. The room was clean, small and very warm. 他在乡下看到一栋房子。他站了一会儿,走了进去。前屋壁炉里生了火。房间很干净,小而暖和。

2) 也可和一个单数名词一道用,表示一类人或东西:

The whale is in danger of becoming extinct. 鲸有灭绝的危险。

The bluebird is the prettiest thing I've ever seen. 蓝知更鸟是我见过的最美的东西。

The eighteenth century was the golden age of the novel. 十八世纪是小说的黄金时代。

The aeroplane has made the world a small place. 飞机使世界变小了。

The computer has changed our way of life. 电脑改变了我们的生活方式。

The careful speaker should avoid it. 谨言的人应回避这种说法。

The small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult. 小店主发现生活越来越艰难。

3) 还可和某些名词连用表示整个民族、阶级、阶层、一家人等:

The Chinese people are industrious and brave. 中国人民勤劳勇敢。

The Dutch are very skilful engineers. 荷兰人是能工巧匠。

They represented the interests of the bourgeoisie. 他们代表中产阶级的利益。

The Goncourts were careful artists. 龚古尔兄弟是很细致的艺术家。

The Thompsons arrived at 7 o'clock this evening. 汤普森一家今晚七点钟到达。

4) 还可和某些形容词连用,表示一类人(a)或某种品质(b):

a. He never envied the rich their luxurious pleasures. 他从不羡慕富人们骄奢淫逸的生活。

Thus the privileged numbered less than 600,000. 因此特权阶级不超过六十万人。

In a week or two I'll be among the unemployed. 一两周后我将加入失业大军。

These seats are for the disabled. 这些座位是留给残疾人的。

b. I was weak, afraid to venture the unknown. 我很脆弱,不敢探查未知世界。

She admires the mystical. 她喜欢那些神奇古怪的事。

He has a strong dislike for the sentimental. 他非常讨厌多愁善感无病呻吟。

Their aim was to discover the good, the beautiful and the true. 他们的目标是发掘真善美。

5) 另外还可和一些表示世上独一无二的东西的名词一道用:

Do you know how big the universe is? 你知道宇宙有多大吗?

There was a rainbow in the sky. 天上有一道彩虹。

The sun lights and warms the earth. 太阳照亮地球并供给能量。

The moon had risen. 月亮已经升起。

The Milky Way is a bright band of stars. 银河系是一条明亮的星带。

The air was full of butterflies. 空中飞满蝴蝶。

此外还有the Equator(赤道),the outer space(外层空间),the atmosphere(大气层),the solar system(太阳系),the North Pole(北极),the Tropic of Cancer(北回归线),the tropics(热带地区)等。


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