第17章　连　词 17.2　从属连词

17.2　从属连词

17.2.1　引导时间状语从句的连词

这类连词主要有：

when：

Don't get excited when you talk. 讲话时别激动。

When he got up he felt dizzy. 他站起身时感到头晕。

When he comes I'll tell him about it. 他来时我将把这事告诉他。

We were going to the zoo when we met her. 我们去动物园时碰到了她。

We wear plimsolls when doing physical exercises. 我们体育锻炼时穿帆布球鞋。

He gave good practical advice when asked. 向他请教时他总出一些切实可行的好主意。

Often she would weep when alone. 她一人独处时常常哭泣。

while：

We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。

While she ate she grew more restless. 她一边吃一边变得更加忐忑不安。

While the discussion was going on Peter came in. 讨论正进行时彼得走了进来。

While I was having dinner Ann was packing. 我吃饭时安在收拾行李。

While doing so, we decided to sell the boat. 在这样做时，我们决定把船卖掉。

He had an accident while on his way here. 在来这里的路上他出了车祸。

as：

As he spoke two men came up. 在他讲话时两个人走了过来。

As she was leaving, Mr White saw her. 她正要走时怀特先生看见了她。

He smiled as he passed. 他经过时笑了笑。

As she sang tears ran down her cheeks. 她唱歌时眼泪簌簌而下。

Even as a boy he was hopeless at maths. 他小时候数学就很差。

before：

Look before you leap.（谚）三思而后行。

It will be five years before we meet again. 要五年后咱们才能再相见。

It wasn't long before he told us about it. 不久他就把这事告诉我们了。

I slipped out before the lecture started. 不等讲座开始我就溜了出来。

Just before I left London I sent him a telegraph. 就在离开伦敦前我给他发了一份电报。

after：

I arrived after he had left. 在他走后我到了。

After he had said a few words, I took his floor. 他讲了几句话之后我开始发言。

Soon after we returned, the child vomited. 我们回来不久孩子就吐了。

I'll tell them after you have left. 你走后我再告诉他们。

until，till：

We danced and danced until they all joined in. 我们不停地跳舞直到他们都参加进来。

Go away until I have finished speaking to your father. 离开一下，直到我和你父亲谈完。

It was not until I saw her next morning that I felt happy. 直到第二天早上见到她我才感到高兴。

I'll take no steps until you arrive. 你来之前我不会采取什么行动。

I propose waiting till the police get here. 我建议等警察来了再说。

He determined to stay till (until) the year was up. 他决心住满一年。

since：

How long is it since you came to London? 你到伦敦有多久了？

He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 我生病以来他从未来看过我。

Since Marie had left, Martha had married. 玛丽走后，玛莎结婚了。

It was years since I had seen her. 我有好多年没见到她了。

whenever：

You can borrow my car whenever you want. 你随时可以借我的车。

I go and visit him whenever I'm in town. 我每次进城都去看他。

Whenever he stayed home he went to bed early. 每当待在家里，他早早就睡觉了。

Whenever anyone was ill he installed himself as sick-nurse. 谁要是病了，他就充当护士。

Whenever possible, they play outside. 一有机会他们就到外面玩耍。

2) 还有一些其他类型的时间状语从句，例如：

Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来请把门关上。

Did he tell you anything important the last time he saw you? 上次他见到你时告诉你什么重要的事吗？

Now (that) you're well again you can travel. 既然你身体又好了，可以出去旅行。

Once you have learned Spanish you will find Italian easy. 一旦你学了西班牙语你就会觉得意大利语很容易了。

Immediately she entered, his eyes lit up. 她一进来，他的眼睛就亮了起来。

She'll come over as soon as I've settled down. 我一定居下来她就会来。

No sooner had she arrived than she began to complain. 她刚一到就开始抱怨。

The moment he spoke I recognized his voice. 他一说话我就听出了他的声音。

Hardly had we got out when it began to snow. 我们刚出门天就开始下雪了。

Scarcely had I come in when the phone rang. 我刚一进门电话就响了。

这些句子中的某些词（组）起着连词的作用（如as soon as，no sooner...than，the moment...，hardly...），有的词甚至已变为连词（如immediately，now，now that）。

17.2.2　引导条件状语从句的连词

1) 条件状语从句主要由if，unless，supposing（suppose）引导：

if：

I must leave if that's the case. 如果情况如此我就得走了。

What would Diana think of him if he failed? 如果他失败，戴安娜会对他怎么想？

If she said so, she's a liar. 如果她这样讲了，她就是撒谎。

If true, this will cause us a lot of trouble. 如果是真的，这会给我们造成很多麻烦。

If necessary, ring me at home. 必要的话往我家里打电话。

He will come if asked. 如果邀请的话他是会来的。

If convenient, I'll be with you next Tuesday. 如方便的话，我将于下星期二和你见面。

unless：

I won't write unless he writes first. 我不写信，除非他先给我写。

Unless I'm mistaken, I've seen that man before. 除非我记错了，那人我以前见过。

I'll go there tomorrow unless it rains. 除非下雨，否则我明天去那里。

He'dnever do this unless compelled. 除非被迫，否则他决不会这样做。

Unless redeemed, it'll be for sale. 除非有人赎回，否则它将出售。

supposing：

Supposing that he asks you, will you go? 假定他请你去，你会去吗？

Supposing his plan goes wrong, what will we do then? 如果他的计划出了问题，我们怎么办？

Supposing (that) you're wrong, what will you do then? 假如你错了你怎么办？

suppose：

Suppose she finds out, what shall we do then? 假如她发现了，我们怎么办？

Suppose you lost your job tomorrow, what would you do? 假定你明天失业，你怎么办？

provided：

I will agree to go provided (providing) (that) my expenses are paid. 如果有人给我掏路费我将同意去。

She agreed to go and work there provided that her family could go with her.如果她家人能随她同行，她同意去那里工作。

providing：

I'll dry the dishes, providing that you do the washing-up. 如果你刷盘子，我就把它们擦干。

2) 条件状语从句还有其他形式：

You will always have a home as long as I have anything. 只要我有家产，你就永远会有一个家。

I don't mind your knowing anything as long as it goes no further. 你知道什么我都不介意，只要你不告诉别人。

In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait. 如果我还没回来他就到了，请让他等一等。

They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed. 即使你不成功他们也会支持你。

Were I Tom I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我会拒绝。

Should you require anything, just let me know. 如果你需要什么，告诉我就行。

Had I thought of it, I'dhave talked to mother. 如果我想过这事，我早就和妈讲了。

此外，as long as，so long as，in case，even if都起连词作用。

17.2.3　引导目的状语从句的连词

引导目的状语从句的连词主要有下面这些：

in order that：

He left early in order that his children would not be alone in the house. 他早早动身，以免孩子们单独待在家里。

I locked the door in order that we might continue our discussion undisturbed.我把门锁上，以便我们能不受干扰继续讨论。

I lent him £ 50 in order (so) that he might go for a holiday. 我借给他50英镑，使他能去度假。

so that：

Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I can sign them. 让她快点把信打好，以便我能签字。

Please interpret this Chinese woman's remarks so that I can understand them.请翻译一下这个中国妇女的话以便我能听懂。

He looked down so that she should not see his eyes. 他低下头以免她看见他的眼睛。

so：

Can't you fix it somehow so you could stay longer? 难道你不能作某种安排以便能多待些日子？

Check carefully, so any mistakes could be caught. 仔细检查，以便找出所有的错误。

I'll give him a map so he won't get lost. 我会给他一张地图免得他迷路。

that：

She did it that he might go free. 她这样做以便他能获得自由。

I am anxious to get it done that I may be back in Ireland. 我急于完成此事以便我能返回爱尔兰。

I tell you this that you may not shrink from the responsibility. 我告诉你这个以便你不会回避责任。

lest：

He hurried on, lest she should meet him again. 他赶紧往前走，唯恐她再碰到他。

He was very cautious lest he should be discovered by his wife. 他小心翼翼，唯恐被他妻子发现。

He hid the money lest it should be stolen. 他把钱藏起来唯恐被人偷去。

还有一些其他这类从句：

She worried for fear that her son would be hurt. 她很担心怕儿子受到伤害。

She didn't dare to call me for fear they might hear us. 她不敢叫我，唯恐他们会听到我们的声音。

Take warm clothes in case the weather is cold. 带上厚衣服以防天冷。

I'll stay in the hotel in case there is news of Harry. 我将待在旅馆里以防有哈里的消息。

这里的for fear（that），in case都起连词的作用。

17.2.4　引导结果状语从句的连词

1) 结果状语从句主要由so...that和such...that引导：

so...that：

He was so young that you must excuse him. 他那样年轻，你得原谅他。

Bill pitched so well that everyone cheered him. 比尔球投得那么好，大家都为他欢呼。

He was so fat that he couldn't get through the door. 他胖得连门都过不去了。

So absorbed was he that she didn't dare to make a sound. 他那么聚精会神，致使她都不敢弄出一丁点声音。

such...that：

Jim made such a noise that his sister told him to be quiet. 吉姆吵成那样，他姐姐让他安静点。

He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗时那样使劲，连玻璃都震碎了。

They had such a fierce dog that no one dared to go near their house. 他们的狗那样凶，谁也不敢走近他们家。

that有时可省略，特别是在口语中：

They were so tired they could do nothing but yawn. 他们疲倦得一个劲儿打呵欠。

There was such a draught, it's no wonder he caught a cold. 过堂风这样厉害，难怪他感冒了。

2) so that 也可引导结果状语从句，表示“因？”：

One of her lungs is affected so that she has to rest. 她有一叶肺受到感染，因此得休息。

It fell under my desk, so that I couldn't see it. 它掉在我书桌下面，因此我看不见它。

so也可引导这类从句：

It was dark so I couldn't see very well. 天很黑因此我看不太清楚。

She felt very tired so she went to bed early. 她感到很累，因此早早就睡觉了。

so和that之间有时可稍稍停顿：

His heart beat so that he could hardly breathe. 他的心跳得这样厉害，他都快喘不过气来了。

Explain it so that a 10-year-old boy could understand it. 要讲解得让十岁的孩子都能听懂。

17.2.5　引导原因状语从句的连词

1) 引导原因状语从句的连词主要有because，as，since：

because：

Because it was wet he took a taxi. 由于下雨他叫了一辆出租车。

He was worried because he hadn't had any letter from her. 他很担忧因为他没收到过她一封信。

Why aren't you coming with us? ——Because I have got a bad headache.你为什么不和我们一块去？——因为我头很疼。

as：

As David had a passion for walking，we started off on foot. 由于大卫喜欢走路，我们就步行出发了。

We don't go there much now, as we are going away so soon. 我们现在不常去那儿，因为我们不久就要离开了。

As you're sorry, I'll forgive you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。

since：

Since they've obviously forgotten to phone me, I'll have to telephone them.由于他们显然忘了给我打电话，只好由我来打给他们。

Since you can't answer my questions, I'll have to ask someone else. 既然你回答不了我的问题，我只好问别人。

He was not prepared for the question, since he had not made up his mind. 对这问题他没有思想准备，因为他还没拿定主意。

2) 还有一些表示原因的状语从句由seeing （that），considering（that）或now that等引导：

Seeing that he's been ill all week, he's unlikely to come. 鉴于他已病了一个星期，他来的可能性不大。

We could have a joint party, seeing your birthday is the same day as mine.由于你我的生日在同一天，我们可以办一个联合晚会。

Considering he has only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. 考虑到他刚刚开始，对此他算是知道得很多了。

Considering you've only been studying for a year, you speak English very well. 考虑到你学英语才一年，你英语讲得算是很好的。

Now that you have the chance you had better avail yourself of it. 既然你有了机会，你最好利用起来。

Please don't try to back out now that everything has been arranged. 现在一切都安排好了，请不要打退堂鼓。

Now you're here, you may make yourself useful. 你已经来了，不妨帮帮忙。

seeing，considering，now that都可以看作连词。

3) 许多用在形容词后的that从句也起原因状语的作用（that有时可省略）：

She was glad that she had controlled herself. 她很高兴控制住了自己。

He felt ashamed that he had done so little. 他为自己做得这么少而感到惭愧。

I am awfully sorry that this has happened. 发生了这事我非常遗憾。

I'm very pleased you've decided to come. 你决定来我很高兴。

I'm disappointed that they cannot come. 他们不能来我很失望。

I am surprised I didn't see that before. 我很吃惊我以前没看到这一点。

17.2.6　引导让步状语从句的连词

引导让步状语从句的连词主要有下面这些：

although：

Although (Though) everyone played well, we lost the game. 尽管每个人都打得不错，我们却输了比赛。

He said they were married, although I'm sure they aren't. 他说他们结婚了，不过我肯定他们没有。

I didn't know that then, although I learned it later. 那时我并不知道这事，尽管后来我知道了。

He's very lovable although not at all tidy. 他很可爱，虽说一点都不整洁。

though：

Though times were changed, Bossily was still Bossily. 尽管时代变了，柏斯莱还是柏斯莱。

Though he was going to Edinburgh, he was in no hurry. 虽说就要去爱丁堡，他却并不慌忙。

It is right for us to go, though I left all for Gerry to decide. 我们去是对的，不过我还是让格里来决定一切。

Though not large, the room was light and airy. 房间虽然不大，采光和通风却很好。

The girl, though plain, had a kind face. 这姑娘虽然相貌平庸，却有一张善良的脸。

even though：

He's an honest man even though I have opposed him. 尽管我曾反对过他，他还是一个诚实的人。

She still loved him even though he had treated her so badly. 她仍然爱他，尽管他待她那么不好。

even if：

I wouldn't do it, even if you paid me a thousand pounds. 即使你付我一千英镑，我也不干。

I'm going to expose him even if he's brother of mine. 尽管他是我的兄弟，我也要揭露他。

while：

While they are my neighbors, I don't know them well. 虽然他们是我的邻居，我对他们却不太了解。

While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you. 尽管我理解你的话，却不能同意你的意见。

2) 下面句子中的从句也是让步状语从句：

Clever though she was, she couldn't conceal her eagerness for praise. 她虽然聪明，却无法掩饰她亟想获得赞扬。

Intelligent as she was, she had not much in sight. 她虽然聪明，却没有多少洞察力。

Try as he would, he could not get her out of his mind. 尽管他努力这样做，却不能把她忘怀。

She was unable to make much progress, hard as she tried. 不管她多努力都不能取得多大进步。

However long you argue you will never convince her. 不管争辩多久你都不能说服她。

However cold it is, he always goes swimming. 不管天多冷他都去游泳。

He swore that, come what may, he would never let her know what he was doing for her sake. 他发誓，不管发生什么情况，他绝不让她知道他在为她做的事。

Marija made up her mind, come what might, she would stay there. 玛丽亚下定决心，不管发生什么情况她都要留在那里。

The moon is a moon still, whether it shines or not. （谚）不管亮不亮，月亮终归是月亮。

Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same. 不管我们是去还是留，结果都一样。

Granted that he has enough money to buy the house, it doesn't mean he's going to do so. 即使说他有足够的钱买这栋房子，这也不意味着他就要去买。

17.2.7　引导方式状语从句的连词

1) 引导方式状语从句的连词主要有as，like，as if，as though，however：

as：

You ought to do as I tell you. 你应当照我说的做。

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.（谚）入乡随俗。

Shelley, as we had seen, had met her through his uncle. 正如已证实的那样，雪莱是通过他叔叔认识她的。

As expected, the afforestation movement rapidly spread. 正如所预料的那样，造林运动迅速展开了。

like：

She can't draw like her sister can. 她不能像她姐姐那样画画。

Do it like I tell you. 照我告诉你的那样做。

She behaves like she owns the place. 她表现得就像这儿的主人似的。

It looks like I'll be late today. 看起来我今天要迟到了。

as if：

She looked a bit queer, as if she knew something. 她显得有点怪，仿佛她知道什么情况似的。

I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 整个这件事我都记得，就像发生在昨天似的。

He paused as if expecting her to speak. 他停了停，像是在期待她说话。

He glanced about as if in search of something. 他四处看了看，仿佛在找什么似的。

as though：

We felt as though we had witnessed the whole thing. 我们感到像亲眼目睹了整件事情似的。

I remember it vividly as though it were tonight. 这件事我记得清清楚楚，就像是今晚发生似的。

He shivered as though with cold. 他颤抖了一下，好象受了寒气似的。

When she had finished she waited as though for a reply. 她讲完之后等了等，像是在等候回答。

however：

Arrange your hours however you like. 你的时间你可以随意安排。

You may use it however you like. 你可以随意使用它。

In one's own home one can act however he wishes. 在自己家里你愿干什么就干什么。

2) the way也常可引导方式状语从句：

He doesn't speak the way I do. 他不像我这样说话。

I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them. 他们从不让我按自己的意愿行事。

17.2.8　引导地点状语从句的连词

1) 引导地点状语从句的连词有where，wherever，everywhere：

where：

I'll drive you where you're going. 你到哪儿我都可以开车送你去。

Please keep sitting where you are. 请仍坐在原处。

I'm quite comfortable where I am. 我在哪里都行。

Put in an article where necessary. 在必要的地方填入冠词。

wherever：

Wherever he goes, there's always a spy hanging about. 不管他到哪里，总有一个密探跟着。

Wherever he is he'll be thinking of you. 不管他在哪里，他总会想着你。

We'll go wherever you say. 你说到哪里我们就到哪里。

Avoid structure of this kind wherever possible. 要尽可能避免这种结构。

everywhere：

Everywhere they appeared there were ovations. 他们所到之处都有人欢呼。

Everywhere he went, he was introduced as the current United States champion.不管他到哪里，人们都介绍他是当前的美国冠军。

You see it everywhere you look. 不管从哪儿看你都能看见它。

2) no matter where也可引导地点状语：

No matter where you now are in writing, you can improve with practice. 不管目前在写作上你处于什么水平，练习都能帮你提高。

Keep your mobile phone with you no matter where you are. 不管在哪里你都要带着手机。

17.2.9　引导比较状语从句的连词

1) 引导比较状语从句的连词是than和as：

than：

You sing better than I do. 你的歌唱得比我好。

There were more casualties than was reported. 伤亡人数比报导的多。

It was more expensive than I thought. 它比我想的要贵。

They work harder than we do. 他们比我们勤奋。

as：

You know as much about that as I do. 对这事你了解得和我一样多。

I haven't done as much as I should have liked. 我做的没有我希望的那么多。

They're as firm as one could expect. 他们像我们期望的那样坚定。

Martin was as impatient as he was stubborn. 马丁既急躁又固执。

That's not so simple as it sounds. 那事并不像听起来那么简单。

2) 这类从句常有词省略，只剩下单词或词组：

They are wiser than us. 他们比我们明智。

It is even colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天还冷。

He was more lucky than clever. 他不是聪明，而是走运。

Hard beds are healthier than soft ones. 硬床比软床更有益于健康。

This is more amusing than sitting in an office. 这比坐在办公室里有意思。

He was almost as well off as myself. 他差不多和我自己一样富裕。

She doesn't work as hard as you. 她没有你那样勤奋。

He can run as fast as 20 miles an hour. 他快跑能达到一小时二十英里的速度。

Those trees can be as big as 20 feet across. 那些树可以大到直径二十英尺。

17.2.10　引导其他从句的连词

1) 引导主语从句和宾语从句的连词有that和whether，if可以引导宾语从句：

that：

She always complains that he is down on her. 她老是抱怨他看不起她。

I'll prove to the world that he was right. 我要向全世界证明他是对的。

That you're coming to China is the best news I have heard this long time. 你要到中国来是这么长时间以来我听到的最好消息。

It's natural that they should have different views. 他们有不同看法是很自然的。

whether：

I don't know whether you like flowers. 我不知道你喜不喜欢花。

I'll see whether I can induce him to accept it. 我要看看我能否劝说他接受这东西。

Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen. 它会对我们有害还是有益还需看一看。

It was uncertain whether my playmates would come (or not). 我的玩伴们是否会来还不肯定。

if：

I wonder if it's large enough. 不知这够不够大。

He asked if I would show him the way. 他问我可否给他带路。

2) that和whether还可引导表语从句或同位语从句：

that：

The fact is that he doesn't really try. 事实是他没有真正去努力。

The reason was (that) he was afraid. 原因是他害怕。

He came to the decision that he must act at once. 他决定必须立即行动。

I have a feeling that our team is going to win. 我觉得我们队会获胜。

whether：

His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet. 他的第一个问题是福尔摩斯是否来了。

The point is whether we ought to recommend him. 问题是我们是否应当推荐他。

They raised the question whether we ought to call in a specialist. 他们提出了是否应请专家来的问题。

3) that和whether还可以用在形容词之后：

It's doubtful whether we'll be able to come. 我们是否能来还是个疑问。

Secretly he was pleased that Jennie should have this fine chance. 他暗中高兴珍妮有这个好机会。

I am certain that I posted the letter. 我肯定这信我发了。

He wasn't sure whether he ought to laugh or cry. 他啼笑皆非。

4) 除了连词外，连接代（副）词也可引导主语从句、宾语从句等。关于这类句子可参阅第5.5.2和第15.1.6节。另外，关系代（副）词可引导宾语从句，关于这类句子可参阅第5.6.1—5.6.5及第15.1.6节，以及后面的22.3.1—22.3.2节。