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你的育儿书里缺一本鬼故事

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2018年07月13日

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In the oldest version of the Snow White story, the evil queen gets her comeuppance via a pair of molten metal shoes, which she has to wear until she dies from the pain. The Grimm version of Cinderella has doves that peck out the stepsisters’ eyes. Hans Christian Andersen’s little mermaid grows legs only after drinking a potion that puts her in permanent, excruciating pain (and the prince ends up with someone else anyway).

在最老版本的白雪公主故事中,邪恶皇后的惩罚是穿着融化的金属鞋子,直到她死亡为止。而在格林版本的灰姑娘故事中,白鸽啄出了异母姐妹的眼睛。安徒生的小美人鱼只有喝下会让她永久痛苦的药水之后才能长出双腿。

你的育儿书里缺一本鬼故事

Today’s Disneyfied fairy tales, in other words, have come a long way from their darker roots — in fact, as writer Alison Flood recently reported in the Guardian, roughly a third of parents will avoid a story altogether if reading it would mean exposing their kids to a scary character. Granted, the report was based on a less-than-scientific source — a small poll of around 1,000 adults in the U.K. — but it nevertheless raises an interesting question: Are those kids missing out on anything?

如今的迪士尼童话,比起它们的黑暗根源则有了长足进步。事实上,正如作家Alison Flood最近报道的那样,几乎有三分之一的父母会避开能引起孩子恐怖情绪的故事。当然,这一报道的根据称不上科学来源,它依靠的是一个包含英国一千多名成年人的小调查。但它提出了一个有趣的问题:这些孩子们错过了什么东西没?

Some psychologists argue that the answer is yes: Scary stories, like nightmares, are a sort of dress rehearsal for real-life fear, helping kids learn to cope with the emotion in a low-stakes setting. “How can you feel safe and secure until you know what it’s like to be afraid?” psychologist Emma Kenny told the Guardian. “The world can be a scary place — children will get into situations where they’re told off by teachers, or fall out with friends. Knowing how to confront fear is a good thing.”

某些心理学家们认为孩子们确实错过了一些东西:恐怖故事,就像噩梦一样,是现实生活中恐惧的彩排,它能帮助孩子们学会处理较低级别的情绪。心理学家Emma Kenny表示:“在你知道什么是害怕之前,怎么能感觉到安全呢?世界也会是一个很可怕的地方,孩子们总会经历被老师斥责、和朋友们争吵等情景。知道如何面对恐惧是一件好事。”

And sociologist Margee Kerr, a “scare specialist” who studies fear, told The Atlantic in 2012 that frightening experiences can be a helpful tool when it comes to developing confidence: “Think about the last time you made it through a scary movie, or through a haunted house. You might have thought, ‘yes! I did it! I made it all the way through!’’’ she said. “So it can be a real self-esteem boost.”

社会学家Margee Kerr,作为一名专门研究恐惧的“恐惧专家”,她曾在2012年表示在发展自信这方面,可怕的经历也可以成为有用的工具:“想想上次你看完恐怖电影或者穿过鬼屋的时候,你可能会想‘耶!我做到了!我成功地完成了这些!因此它能提升自信。’”

Age also isn’t a foolproof indicator for how a person will feel about scary material – some kids, like some adults, can enjoy the experience. A frightened brain will produce a cocktail of chemicals, including cortisol, the stress hormone, and adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are part of the fight-or-flight response. But it also produces dopamine, which is linked to pleasure and reward-seeking behavior — and the way our brains handle dopamine may influence how we feel about scary stories.

年龄并不是某个人会对恐怖事物有何反应的简单指标——某些孩子,就像某些大人一样,能够享受这一经历。一个被吓到的大脑会产生复杂的化学物质,包括压力荷尔蒙皮质醇、肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素,它们是战或逃反应的一部分。但它也会产生多巴胺,它同愉悦和寻求奖励的行为有关,我们的大脑处理多巴胺的方式也许会影响我们对恐怖故事的感觉。

As the Washington Post’s Rachel Feltman has explained, “molecules called autoreceptors that sit on our nerve cells keep track of the abundance of the chemicals and tell our bodies when to slow down their production.” And research has suggested that “folks with fewer autoreceptors were more likely to seek out thrilling situations, possibly because they … get more dopamine out of a scary situation than other people do.” This is why horror movies and haunted houses can be terrifying and pleasurable simultaneously — and why the scary versions of well-known stories can have as much to offer kids as the Disneyfied ones.

正如华盛顿邮报的Rachel Feltman解释的那样,位于我们神经细胞中的分子自受体能够追踪这些化学物质的含量并告诉我们的身体何时该减慢释放这些化学物质的速度。研究显示体内含有自受体更少的人更有可能寻求刺激产经,这可能是因为他们从恐怖经历中获得的多巴胺比其他人多。也因此恐怖电影和鬼屋既能让人害怕又能让人感到愉悦,家喻户晓故事中的恐怖场景给孩子们带来的体验不比迪士尼童话差。


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