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弗罗里达州将购买大沼泽地以防止家庭钻探石油

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2020年01月20日

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Florida to buy Everglades land to prevent family from drilling for oil

弗罗里达州将购买大沼泽地以防止家庭钻探石油

The state of Florida says it will purchase a section of land in the Everglades, effectively ending one prominent family's plans to drill for oil in an ecosystem unlike any other on the planet. If all goes as planned, it will be the state's largest land acquisition in a decade and a peaceful settlement of a dispute that had gone on for years.

佛罗里达州表示,它将在大沼泽地购买一块土地,这实际上终止了一个显赫家族在地球上独一无二的生态系统中开采石油的计划。如果一切按计划进行,这将是这个国家十年来最大的一次土地收购,也是一场持续多年的争端的和平解决。

The Everglades is a vast but delicate ecosystem that supports plants, wildlife and the humans who live near it. (Photo: Alan Sandercock [CC BY 2.0]/Flickr)

The state has until June 30 to buy the 20,000-acre tract and prevent the threat of drilling on protected lands in Broward County, according to The Miami Herald. Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis was a key negotiator in the agreement, which says the state will pay $16.5 million by June 30 or $18 million if it misses that deadline.

据《迈阿密先驱报》报道,该州必须在6月30日前买下这片2万英亩的土地,并防止在布劳沃德县受保护的土地上进行钻探。佛罗里达州州长德桑蒂斯是该协议的关键谈判代表。协议规定,该州将在6月30日之前支付1,650万美元,如果达不到最后期限,将支付1,800万美元。

Litigation to preserve the Everglades

保护大沼泽地的诉讼

The proposed Kanter well would have been located near Interstate 75, a section of which (pictured) is also known as Alligator Alley for its proximity to the Everglades. (Photo: Felix Mizioznikov/Shutterstock)

The Florida Department of Environmental Protection or FDEP denied the permit, and Kanter took that decision to court, first to an administrative law court. The judge determined the land to be environmentally degraded and isolated enough from water sources for drilling to proceed, and ordered the permit to be issued. The First District Court of Appeal concurred with that ruling, even using the judge's determination about the land as "factual findings."

佛罗里达环境保护部(FDEP)拒绝了这一许可,坎特将这一决定诉诸法庭,首先是行政法庭。法官判定这片土地环境退化,与水源足够隔离,可以进行钻探,并下令颁发许可证。第一地方上诉法院同意这一裁决,甚至将法官对土地的裁决作为“事实调查结果”。

The FDEP said its denial of the permit was based on protecting the Everglades, regardless of whether the proposed site is degraded. "It looked beyond the vicinity of the well pad and concluded that the broader region, in this case the Everglades as [a] whole, was environmentally sensitive and should be protected," the department said in its filing, as reported by the South Florida Sun-Sentinel.

FDEP表示,其拒绝发放许可证的理由是,无论拟议中的湿地是否退化,都要保护大沼泽地。根据《南佛罗里达太阳哨兵报》的报道,国土安全部在申报文件中称:“它的调查范围超出了油井周边地区,得出的结论是,范围更广的地区,也就是大沼泽地作为一个整体,对环境敏感,应该受到保护。”

The history of oil and water in the Everglades

大沼泽地石油和水的历史

The vibrant landscape of the Florida Everglades has been described as a 'river of grass,' which refers to the sawgrass marshes and a name the Seminole Tribe gave the large body of water: Okeechobee. (Photo: Kao Akana [CC BY-SA 2.0]/Flickr)

Florida isn't a major oil producer. According to CityLab, Florida has more than 1,000 active wells, but no new wells have opened since 1988. The state produces fewer than 2 million barrels a year. Texas, by comparison, has more than 180,000 wells and produces between 4 million and 5.6 million barrels a day.

佛罗里达不是主要的石油生产国。根据CityLab的数据,佛罗里达有1000多口井,但自1988年以来没有新井投产。该州每年的石油产量不足200万桶。相比之下,德州拥有18万多口油井,日产油400万至560万桶。

The state's lack of recent experience has made critics nervous about new wells, since they argue it increases the likelihood of spills and seeping. "Florida has very little infrastructure, very little oversight of oil and gas activities, compared to other states," Rob Jackson, a professor of Earth system science at Stanford University, tells CityLab.

该州最近缺乏经验,这让批评人士对新油井感到紧张,因为他们认为新油井增加了漏油和渗漏的可能性。“与其他州相比,佛罗里达州的基础设施很少,对石油和天然气活动的监管也很少,”斯坦福大学地球系统科学教授罗布·杰克逊告诉CityLab。

And any spill near the Everglades could be a serious problem for the environment, not to mention wildlife and people. CityLab recounts a 2003 U.S. Geological Survey test in which scientists drilled a small hole into a wall protecting the water supply in a protected area, then injected a harmless dye known as rhodamine into the hole. They expected the dye to slowly work its way through the water supply; instead, dye appeared in Miami taps and washing machines before the day was even over.

大沼泽地附近的任何泄漏都可能对环境造成严重问题,更不用说野生动物和人类了。CityLab详细叙述了2003年美国地质调查局的一项测试。在这项测试中,科学家们在一堵保护区内水源的墙上钻了一个小洞,然后将一种名为罗丹明的无害染料注入洞中。他们希望染料能慢慢地穿过供水系统;相反,染料甚至在一天结束之前就出现在迈阿密的水龙头和洗衣机里。

The test illustrated how sensitive and interconnected Florida's water systems can be. Miami receives most of its drinking water from the Biscayne Aquifer, where porous limestone holds a large mass of groundwater close to the surface. This makes it an easy candidate for contamination.

测试显示了佛罗里达的水系统是多么的敏感和相互关联。迈阿密的大部分饮用水来自比斯坎含水层,那里的多孔石灰岩在地表附近储存了大量的地下水。这使得它很容易被污染。

"If something goes wrong [with the Kanter well], you have the potential to foul drinking water," Jackson says.

“如果(坎特井)出了问题,就有可能污染饮用水,”杰克逊说。

There's also the issue of where Kanter wanted to drill. The site is in the eastern portion of Water Protection Area 3A, which "is by many accounts the best-conserved part of the Everglades," Matthew Cohen, a professor of forest water resources and watershed systems at the University of Florida, tells CityLab. "It's the part of the Everglades that probably looks closest to how the Everglades used to look."

还有一个问题是坎特想在哪里钻探。佛罗里达大学森林水资源和流域系统教授马修·科恩告诉CityLab,该遗址位于3A水域保护区的东部,“从很多方面来看,这是大沼泽地保存最完好的部分。这是大沼泽地的一部分,可能看起来最像以前的大沼泽地。”


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