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世界上最富有的10%的人排放了高达43%的碳

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2020年07月06日

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The World's Richest 10% Emit up to 43% of the Carbon

世界上最富有的10%的人排放了高达43%的碳

There are two ways to think about carbon emissions; one is production, which measures the CO2 emissions of each country (and where most nations have agreed to reductions under the Paris Accord).

有两种方式来考虑碳排放;一个是生产,衡量每个国家的二氧化碳排放量(大多数国家已经同意在巴黎协议下减少二氧化碳排放量)。

But if I buy a Haier air conditioner or a Samsung washing machine, who is responsible for all of the upfront carbon emissions that came from manufacturing them, or the raw materials that went into them? Should it accrue to China and South Korea or to me in North America? After all, they are making the stuff that I want and I am buying. That's why measuring consumption is, I believe, a more sensible method of accounting for carbon emissions.

但如果我买了一台海尔(Haier)的空调或三星(Samsung)的洗衣机,谁该为生产这些产品所产生的前期碳排放负责呢?是应该归中国和韩国,还是归北美的我?毕竟,他们在做我想要的东西,而我在买。这就是为什么我认为,衡量消费是一种更合理的计算碳排放的方法。

A giant Jeep crushes the verdant landscape.Lloyd Alter

A new study, Scientists’ warning on affluence, demonstrates what a big problem our increasing consumption actually is. Even as our homes and cars become more efficient, we buy more and bigger stuff. 一项名为“科学家对富裕的警告”的新研究表明,我们日益增长的消费实际上是一个大问题。即使我们的房子和汽车变得更节能,我们也会买更多更大的东西。

The authors note (as we do in our 1.5 degree lifestyle series) that "consumers are the ultimate drivers of production, with their purchasing decisions setting in motion a series of trade transactions and production activities, rippling along complex international supply-chain networks." It isn't the entire picture; the consumers do not have control of the choices made by the manufacturers, and one South Korean clothes dryer can be a lot greener than the next, both in its manufacture and its operation. But the consumer is the one who makes the decision to buy a dryer in the first place, or whether just to use a clothesline.

两位作者指出(正如我们在1.5度生活方式系列中所做的那样)“消费者是生产的最终驱动者,他们的购买决定推动着一系列贸易交易和生产活动,影响着复杂的国际供应链网络。”这不是全部;消费者无法控制制造商的选择,而且无论是在生产还是操作上,一台韩国烘衣机都可能比另一台要环保得多。但是消费者是决定购买烘干机的人,还是决定是否使用晾衣绳的人。

GDP and manufacturing are going up faster than carbon. From study

In fact, as this graph shows, there has been some progress in reducing the carbon intensity of what we do; the Global GDP and the Global Material Footprint (equal to all our material extraction) is diverging a bit from the CO2 FFI (fossil fuel and industrial processes) but being more carbon-efficient isn't enough; it is still going up. It has to go down.

事实上,如图所示,我们在降低碳强度方面已经取得了一些进展;全球GDP和全球物质足迹(相当于我们提取的所有物质)与二氧化碳FFI(化石燃料和工业过程)有所偏离,但仅仅提高碳效率是不够的;它还在上升。它必须下降。

Reduce Consumption, Don't Just "Green" It

减少消费,而不仅仅是“绿色”消费

The authors conclude that the only way to address the issue is by reducing consumption, "not just greening it."

作者得出结论,解决这个问题的唯一途径是减少消耗,“而不仅仅是依靠绿色消费”。

Among other things that the authors point out is the need for "the adoption of less affluent, simpler and sufficiency-oriented lifestyles to address overconsumption – consuming better but less."

在其他方面,作者指出需要“采用不那么富裕、简单、以满足为导向的生活方式来解决过度消费——更好但更少地消费。”

Sufficiency Before Efficiency

充分先于效率

The future we want: teslas, powerwalls, solar shingles. Screen capture of Elon Musk

Sufficiency is a subject dear to our Treehugger hearts, but as I have often noted, it is a tough sell; rich people would rather have solar shingles, powerwalls, and electric cars, when a sufficient lifestyle would be very different.

对于我们这些抱树狂的心来说,“自足”是一个很重要的话题,但正如我经常提到的,这很难实行;富裕的人们想要拥有太阳能瓦、电力墙和电动汽车,而充足的生活方式将是非常不同的。

Sufficiency vs efficiency is what we have been talking about on TreeHugger for years; live in smaller spaces, in walkable neighborhoods where you can bike instead of drive.

充分性vs效率是我们在环保博客上谈论多年的话题;住在较小的空间里,住在适合步行的社区,在那里你可以骑自行车而不是开车。

There are a number of ways to get people to reduce their consumption and carbon emissions; global pandemics have been shown to work well, as do depressions and economic collapse. The authors are pointing to a Wellbeing Economy, but I like to direct our attention to a sufficiency economy, like the kind you get when people live a 1.5 degree lifestyle. It's better than the alternatives.

有很多方法可以让人们减少消费和碳排放;全球大流行病以及经济萧条和经济崩溃的效果都很好。作者们指出了一个幸福的经济,但我想把我们的注意力放在一个充足的经济上,就像人们生活在1.5度的生活方式中所得到的那种。这比其他选择都好。


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