Low-level Engligh learning Lesson 1
Rome Wasn't Built in a Day
罗马不是一天造成的
Reading
English is an international language. Therefore, it is necessary for us to learn it. It can be rewarding or just a waste of time. It's up to you. It depends on how you study it. Here are some tips about learning English.
First, don't be afraid to make mistakes. You will learn from them.
Second, you must not be shy. Be thick-skinned and speak up!
Finally, you must be patient.
Remember, "Rome wasn't built in a day."
英语是国际语言。所以，我们必须学英文。学英文可以使用我们获益，也可能是白白浪费时间。那就看你的了。那要看你如何去学习。以下是一些关于学习英语的决窍。
首先，别怕出错。你可以从错误中学习。
其次，千万不要害羞。脸皮厚一点大声说出来!
最后，一定要有耐心。
记住：“罗马不是一天造成的。”
Vocabulary & Idioms
1. Rome wasn't built in a day.
罗马不是一天造成的。(saying谚语)
例：A: My new restaurant isn't doing very well.
B: Don't worry. Rome wasn't built in a day.
我刚开的餐厅生意不怎么好。
别担心。罗马不是一天造成的。
2. international a. 国际性的，国际间的
例：Jack is majoring in International Trade.
杰克目前正主修国贸。
3. language n. 语言(countable可数，简写成C);言词(uncountable不可数，简写成U)
foul language 下流话，粗话，脏话
*foul a. 粗俗的，猥亵的
例：You must have patience and determination to learn a second language.
学习第二种语言一定要具备耐心和决心。
People who use foul language show their poor upbringing.
口出秽言的人表示他缺乏教养。
*upbringing n. 教养
4. rewarding a. 有(获)益的;值得做的，划算的
例：Teaching is a very rewarding profession.
教书是一种很有价值的职业。
5. It's up to you. 由你决定。
例：A: Should I get a part-time job?
B: It's up to you.
我应不应该去兼差?
你自己决定。
6. depend on… 视…而定
例：My future depends on my exam results.
我的未来取决于我考试的成绩。
7. tip n. 建议;小费
give+人+tips on/about+事
给某人关于某事的一些建议
例：Can you give me some tips on how to study English?
你可不可以告诉我一些学习英文的诀窍?
We gave the waitress a big tip because the service was excellent.
因为那名女服务员的服务非常好，所以我们给了她一大笔小费。
8. be afraid to+原形动词 害怕去做…
afraid a. 害怕的，恐惧的
例：Mr. Wang was afraid to ask his boss for a raise.
王先生不敢向他的老板要求加薪。
9. shy a. 羞怯的
例：The shy boy didn't dare to ask the girl to dance.
那个害羞的男孩不敢邀请女孩跳舞。
10. thick-skinned a. 厚颜的
例：If you want to be a good salesman, you must be thick-skinned.
如果你想成为一个好的推销员，你一定要厚脸皮。
11. speak up 大声说话;开口说出来
例：Please speak up, I can't hear you.
请说大声一点，我听不到。
If you have something to say, speak up.
如果你有话要说，尽管开口说出来。
12. patient a. 有耐心的(常与介词with并用)
be patient with… 对…有耐心
例：A good teacher is always patient with his students.
好老师对学生总是很有耐心。
Grammar Points 语法重点
本课介绍由疑问词引导的名词从句之形成及其用法，以及表示‘第一点’、‘第二点’等序数词的用法。
It depends on how you study it.
那要看你如何去学习。
上句中，how you study it 是疑问词引导的名词从句。此类名词从句均由疑问词(what, when, who, how, why, where等)引导的问句转变而成，兹就其形成及用法分述如下：
a. 疑问句如何转变为名词从句：
1) 问句有be动词时：
主语与be动词还原，前面保留疑问词。
例：Where is she?-->where she is
2)问句有一般助词时：
主语与助词还原，前面保留疑问词。
例：When will you leave?-->when you will leave
3)问句有do/does/did等助词时：
此类疑问句变成名词从句时，先保留句首的疑问词，再将do/does/did去掉，其后的原形动词则按主语人称 及时态作变化。
例：Where does he live?-->where he lives
What did you buy?-->what you bought
[注意]在疑问句中，若疑问句代词who/what/which作主语，则疑问句变成名词从句时，句子结构不变。
例：Who will go?-->who will go
What happened?-->what happened
Which was bought?-->which was bought
由于上述得知，本文中how you study it乃由How do you study it?变化而成。
b. 名词从句的功能：
名词从句应被视作名词，故与名词一样，在句中可作主语、宾语，或置于be动词后作主语补足语。
1)作主语
例：Where he lives remains a mystery. 他住在哪里仍是个谜。
[注意]名词从句作主语时，往往会形成主语过大的现象，因此可用虚主语it代替，置于句首，而被代替的名词从句置于句尾。故上列例句可写成：It remains a mystery where he lives.
2)作宾语
例：I don't know why she is crying.
I didn't pay attention to what you are saying.
3)置于be动词后作主语补足语
例：The problem is how we can get there.
...First, don't be afraid to make mistakes...Second, you must not be shy.
首先，别怕出错。其次，千万不要害羞。
上列句中，First及Second为序数词。分别表示“第一，首先”及“第二点，其次”的意思，用于陈列重点或陈述概念、想法时。
例：When you are at the beach, play safe. First, don't swim too far out. Second, don't swim immediately after eating.
当你在海滩的时候，要以安全为上。首先，不要游得太远。其次，吃完东西后不要马上游泳。
[注意]
a. First/Second/Third...亦可改用Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly...替代。另外，First亦可等于First of all，但无Second/Third...of all的用法。故上列例句亦可改为：When you are at the beach, play safe. Firstly, don't swim too far out. Secondly, don't swim immediately after eating.
b. 常常有些人会将at first与first混为一谈，但这是错误的。at first使用于一般过去时中，用以叙述过去的状态，表“起初”之意，而first则用以强调次序的概念，故两者用法不同。in the end则表“最后”，常与at first搭配使用。
例：At first, the new student felt out of place. In the end, he became one of us.
起初，那个新来的学生觉得格格不入。最后，他和我们打成一片。
