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Listen To This3lesson 20

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News in Brief
News Item 1:
1. General Comprehension. Choose the best answer (a, b, c, or d) to complete each of the following statements.
(1) The Pentagon __________ Moscow's announcement of withdrawing Soviet troops from Afghanistan.
a. today spoke highly of
b. kept silent about
c. attacked harshly
d. was deceived by
(2) The Pentagon's reaction is based on ___________.
a. some positive proof of the movement of Soviet troops
b. a statement made by Lieutenant General Leonard Perutz
c. the highly publicized withdrawal plan of Soviet troops
d. the exact number of tank and rifle regiments stationed in Afghanistan
(3) According to Leonard Perutz, Moscow added new regiments to Afghanistan for the purpose of ___________.
a. strengthening its bargaining position in peace talks
b. creating a better image for General Secretary Gorbachev
c. keeping a considerable armed force in Afghanistan
d. withdrawing them later
(4) In doing so, the Soviets are able, as Perutz claims, to ____________.
a. remove additional tank and rifle regiments from unneeded areas
b. substitute those unneeded air defense units with useful additional air force units
c. keep the number of useful military units unaltered
d. complete the withdrawal of six thousand Soviet men from Afghanistan

2. Focusing on Details. Fill in the detailed information according to what you have heard.
    Perutz said the Soviet units withdrawn were for . Since the Afghani Mujahidin rebels , Perutz said, the Soviet withdrawals . Perutz said the withdrawals General Secretary Gorbachev's image . He said about remain in Afghanistan.

News Item 2:
1. True or False Questions.
(1) Black miners in South Africa went on a 24-hour general strike to protest the death of their co-workers last mouth
(2) One hundred seventy-seven coal miners were killed in the tragedy last month.
(3) About half the country's total of 60,000 miners joined in the strike.
(4) It is estimated that the strike will bring several million dollars of damage to the mining industry.
(5) All the miners at the Kinross gold mine went on strike.
(6) Newspaper reporters were kept in some barrack-like hostels.

2. Fill in the blanks to complete the following statements.
(1) In central Johannesburg was held by the .
(2) A union spokesman said miners had gathered not to but to .
(3) Bayers Nordea, white church leader, believed that the tragedy need , and the men need .

News Item 3:
General Comprehension. True or False Questions.
1. Sheik Ahmed Zaki Yamani was forced to resign as Saudi Arabia's Oil Minister.
2. Yamani was out of favor with the King for twenty-four years.
3. Yamani's firing shocked the oil market.
4. Oil traders in New York had some idea before Yamani's firing was announced.
5. Yamani had been leading OPEC in a war against the United States.
6. It was Saudi Arabia's increased oil production and an oversupply in the oil market that lowered the price of oil by 50%
7. When Yamani was the Oil Minisster, the oil price was about eighteen dollars a barrel.
8. Traders in New York were assuming that King Fahd and his new Minister were going to set higher prices.

News in Detail
1. General Comprehension. Choose the best answer (a, b, c, or d) to complete each of the following statements.
(1) It is generally agreed that Sheik Ahmed Zaki Yamani was ____________.
a. a knowledgeable linguist in the 1970s
b. a clever designer for the oil policy of the Arab world
c. an unproclaimed master of the Arab world
d. a natural diplomat who helped to strengthen the power of the Arab countries in the world.
(2) Sheik Yamani was appointed Saudi Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources when he was ___________ years of age.
a. twenty-three
b. twenty-seven
c. thirty
d. thirty-two
(3) The rise of Sheik Yamani in Saudi Arabia was due to _____________.
a. his privileged birth
b. the fact that he could be useful to the royal family
c. the legal training that he had received at Harvard University
d. the fact that he was one of the few Saudis to have had higher western education.
(4) In the 1970s, Sheik Yamani enjoyed a world-wide reputation because _____________.
a. of the new and rather violent policies of OPEC under his leadership
b. he toured the capitals of western countries
c. of his decision to raise oil prices in the world market
d. he held the enviable position as Saudi Arabia's Oil Minister
(5) Sheik Yamani was a great attraction whatever foreign country he went because ____________.
a. he was regarded as the unproclaimed leader of OPEC
b. of his official title as the Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia
c. he was always surrounded by tough British bodyguards
d. of his handsome appearance and refined manners.
(6) Sheik Yamani had a different position at home because _____________.
a. he did not own much of Saudi wealth himself
b. he appeared as a superstar abroad
c. he had been out of favor with the King for a long time
d. he was not a member of the royal family

2. Focusing on Details. Complete the following chart about the life of Sheik Yamani.
Time ?? Event in Yamani's Life
(1) 1962 ?? appointed to of
(2) 1973 ?? toured to explain .
(3) 1975 ?? became the when

3. Fill in the detailed information according to what you have heard.
(1) In London, one journalist wrote at the time that Sheik Yamani of Saudi Arabia was to arrive in Europe since or in the Middle Ages.
(2) Sometimes, at OPEC meetings, he would have to to before proceeding with . At such times, ministers from , like , would criticize Yamani for being only with to on his own.
(3) The Sheik Yamani will be remembered as not only , but perhaps more as who brought again and changed of late -century history.

4. True or False Questions.
(1) The great potentialities of Sheik Yamani were first recognized by the then crown prince Fahd, later the King.
(2) Sheik Yamani was given the right to do whatever he deemed necessary to wrest the control of Saudi oil resources from foreign-owned companies.
(3) It is generally believed that the firing of Yamani was a result of King Fahd's fear for the growing power outside the country.
(4) Sheik Yamani believed that all world leaders should take a course on sociology in order to be on better terms with the other nations.

Special Report
1. In the first section of the report, a series of events are mentioned. Now rearrange the sequence of these events according to what you have heard on the tape.
(1) The House approved of that money.
(2) The Senate voted to reject the 200-million-dollars aid.
(3) Corazon Aquino delivered an emotional address to the US Congress.

Answer: ??put type=text name=t3 value="1" width=1 > ??put type=text name=t3 value="2" width=1 >

2. Focusing on Details. Fill in the detailed information according to what you have heard.
(1) The heart of US-Philippine relations is the conflict between and .
(2) The US-Philippine conflict is most tangible in .
(3) The F-4 Phantom Fighter plane disappears among the clouds of .
(4) There are more than flights from the Subic Bay.
(5) The exact nature of is unknown. Perhaps it is a , or for a young pilot.
(6) It is impossible to say this pilot's mind, whether pertain to on of Subic Bay, to , to the issues of , or to the theoretical battles of who have him racing away from the city of Olongapo.

3. Choose the best answer (a, b, c, or d) to complete each of the following statements.
(1) Ologapo is located about _______________.
a. fifty miles northeast of Manila
b. fifteen miles northwest of Manila
c. fifty miles northwest of Manila
d. fifteen miles northeast of Manila
(2) Ologapo is ______________.
a. where the Subic Bay Naval Station is located
b. where the Americans at the base come to play
c. the microcosm of the country under President Corazon Aquino
d. the microcosm of the tensions between the United States and some Asian countries
(3) Before the Subic Bay Naval Station was established, Olongapo was ____________.
a. not even in existence
b. no more than a fishing village
c. a small city with a large population
d. already one of the biggest cities in the Philippines
(4) Many Filipinos have started questioning if the Subic Bay Naval Station should be allowed to continue, when ____________.
a. the local economy stopped benefiting from the naval base
b. the tensions between the local Filipinos and the Americans at the base ran high
c. tens of millions of dollars were poured into the city annually
d. they became aware of the naval base's widespread influence on the city's economy and culture

4. Fill in the blanks to complete the following statements.
(1) Pergasa is the where the city of Olongapo .
(2) The city's live in Pergasa.
(3) How far is it from Pergasa to the Subic Bay Naval Station?
Answer: Pergasa is separated from the naval base only by , , and .
(4) Some families live in Pergasa.
(5) "Pergasa" means " " in local dialect.

5. Fill in the detailed information about the two families interviewed.
(1) The First Family:
  Name of the head of the family:
  Number of children:
  Housing condition: a shack
  Duration of residence: almost years
  Source of living: the
  Job: collecting
  Daily earnings: almost - pesos
(2) The Second Family:
  Name of the head of the family:
  Number of children:
  Housing condition: a shack
  Source of living: the
  Job: collecting
  Earnings: about centavos a for bones

6. Explain the reason why Allen Burlow says that there is irony for journalists on the houses in Pergasa.
Answer:

 

Key: The houses in Pergasa are made of wood, tin and cardboard boxes on which words like "Merry Christmas" and "God bless you" can still be read. But there is no merry feeling nor the blessing of God for the people who live in these shabby houses.




7. Spot Dictation. Listen to the tape again and fill in the following blanks.
    US navy is in Olongapo because it is one of in the world. It is there because Subic Bay is to protecting in , and . But whether the US in Olongapo will eventually be decided by . In a promised by President Aquino, they will be asking the US had been, if the bases as well as very real of their country, if from the base done to the structure of Philippine and to Philippine .

1. Defense Intelligence Agency

    Defense Intelligence Agency operates under the direction, authority, and control of the Secretary of Defense and is subordinate to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Employing roughly four thousand people, the DIA prepares its own intelligence assessments and coordinates the Defense Department's intelligence contribution to the national intelligence system.

2. Afghani Mujahidin

    Mujahidin means "struggles"; it refers to a group of Muslim rebels in Afghanistan. It grew and spread from the northeast provinces and the provinces bordering Pakistan to all parts of the country in 1979 when it fought against the Soviet troops in Afghanistan. 

3. Saudi Arabia

    Kingdom of Southwest Asia occupying the greater part of the Arabia peninsula. Most of the area is desert. The country's main wealth derives from the oil discovered in the Arabian Gulf in 1936. Between 1973 and 1976, Saudi Arabia acquired full ownership of Aramo (Arabian American Oil Co.). In the 1980s, Saudi Arabia's moderate position on crude oil prices has often prevailed at OPEC meetings.

4. King Fahd

    Born in 1922, Fahd has been the King of Saudi Arabia from 1982. As crown price and as an active administrator, he had been virtual ruler during the preceding reign of his mild-mannered half brother King Khalid (1975??1982). He was a consistent advocate of modernization and established a corps of Western-trained technicians to oversee industrial diversification. Though he called for a jihad (holy way) in July 1980 against Israel, his eight principles for a Middle East peace settlement in 1981 recognized Israel's right to live within secure boundaries. The Fahd plan, however, failed to gain Arab endorsement.

5. OPEC
    The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries was established in 1960 to coordinate the interests of oil-producing states world-wide. It also regards itself as a vehicle for economic justice and improving the position of Third World states by forcing the developed world to provide them with technology and open their markets to the goods which would then be produced.

6. cartel
 

    An amalgamation of industrial business that falls short of a trust, in that the firms comprising it retain their identity but pledge themselves to regulate output and to observe a common price list so as to avoid undercutting.

Tartars
    Although sometimes loosely used to include other Turkic and Mongol peoples, the name applies more accurately to those speaking a language of the northwest branch of Turkic. Mainly Muslim, they represent in the USSR, where they live mainly in the Tatar USSR, the capital of which is Kazan.

1. Corazon Aquino

    Political leader (from 1983) and president (from 1986) of the Philippines. In 1983 she succeeded her murdered husband, Benigno Aquino, as leader of the opposition to President Ferdinand Marcos, and, shortly before Marcos fled the Philippines in 1986, she was sworn in as president. In March 1986 she proclaimed a provisional constitution and soon thereafter appointed a commission to write a new constitution. The resulting document was ratified by a landslide popular vote in February 1987. In spite of her continued popular support, she faced an ongoing outcry over economic injustice.

2. Ferdinand Marcos

    Philippine lawyer and politician who, as head of state from 1966 to 1986, established an authoritarian regime in the Philippines that came under criticism for corruption and for its suppression of democratic process. He went into exile in Hawaii in 1986, at US urging. At the time of his death, Marcos, who had been declared too ill to stand trial, was, together with his wife, under indictment in the United States for stealing $103 million from the Philippines to buy art and real estate in Manhattan. His family fortune was estimated in the billions.

3. F-4
    It is also called Phantom II, a two-seat, twin-engine, jet fighter aircraft and attack bomber originally developed for the US Navy but later adopted by the US Air Force and ten other countries.

4. Subic Bay
    Bay of the South China Sea, southwestern Luzon, Philippines. A US naval base was established in southeastern Subic Bay in 1901; now called Subic Bay Naval Station, it is the largest naval installation in the Philippines. The proximity of the Bay to Indochina gave the US naval base a prominent supply and maintenance role in the Vietnam War (1955??1975).

The Pentagon today called on the highly publicized withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan a sham. Moscow announced earlier this month that it would complete the withdrawal of 6,000 men from Afghanistan by the end of October. NPR's Allen Burlow has the story. "The head of the Defense Intelligence Agency, Lieutenant General Leonard Perutz said the Pentagon has developed clear and convincing evidence that the Soviet troop withdrawals are a deception. Perutz said the Soviets deliberately inserted additional tank and rifle regiments into Afghanistan for no reason other than to withdraw them. 'What the Soviets have done is to remove some unneeded units and to substitute others, so that the number of military useful troops in Afghanistan is basically unchanged.' Perutz said half of the Soviet units withdrawn were for air defense. Since the Afghani Mujahidin rebels have no air force, Perutz said, the Soviet withdrawals have no military significance. Perutz said the withdrawals were designed to enhance General Secretary Gorbachev's image at home and abroad. He said about 116,000 Soviet troops remain in Afghanistan. I'm Allen Burlow in Washington."


South African's black miners have observed a one-day strike to mourn the death of one hundred and seventy-seven of their co-workers killed in a fire at the Kinross gold mine last month. Workers in other industries also participated in the symbolic action. Nigel Rench reports from Johannesburg. "More than a quarter of a million black miners were on strike to protest their colleagues' deaths, about half the country's total of 600,000 gold and coal miners, costing the mining industry an estimated $4,000,000. The stay-away was total at the Kinross gold mine where last month's disaster occurred. Black miners stayed inside their barrack-like hostels. Reporters were barred from the mine. In central Johannesburg, a protest meeting was held by the Black National Union of Mineworkers which called the strike action. A union spokesman said miners had gathered not to mourn, but to commit themselves to liberation from apartheid and economic exploitation. White church leader, Bayers Nordea, told the crowd, 'The accident at Kinross need never have occurred, and the one hundred and seventy-seven men need not have died.' For National Public Radio, this is Nigel Rench in Johannesburg."


The King of Saudi Arabia has removed Sheik Ahmed Zaki Yamani as Saudi Arabia's Oil Minister. Yamani had held the job for twenty-four years. Although it's been rumored for a few years that Yamani was out of favor with the King, his firing shocked the oil market. Yamani's replacement, Hicham Niza, is Saudi Arabia's Planning Minister. NPR's Barbara Mantell has details. "Oil traders here in New York on the mercantile exchange said they had no idea that Yamani was about to be fired, but they took it as a sign that world oil prices would start to rise. Yamani had been leading OPEC in a price war over the past ten months. Saudi Arabia, the largest producer in the cartel, had raised its production and created an oil glut. That lowered the price of oil by 50%. Analysts say Saudi Arabia's King Fahd's supposedly had enough of the price war and of Yamani. King Fahd has said that he would like to see the price of oil rise to about $18 a barrel. And at noon today, New York time, when Saudi Arabia's new Oil Minister called for an emergency OPEC meeting, traders at the mercantile exchange frantically bid up oil prices. They were betting that King Fahd and his new Minister were going to try to set a new policy of higher prices in motion. I'm Barbara Mantell in New York."


Sheik Ahmed Zaki Yamani is generally regarded as the mastermind behind the Arab oil strategy of the 1970s. The man who introduced the word "petro-dollars" into our vocabulary, and who helped bring about one of the most dramatic shifts of international economic and political power in this century. NPR's Elizabeth Coulton has a report:
Yamani was appointed to the post of Saudi Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources in 1962, and it was then he began leading the campaign to wrest control of Arab oil resources from foreign-owned companies. He was only thirty-two years old when he took over his country's oil ministry. But he was then among the few Saudis to have had higher western education, including, in his case, legal training at Harvard. Although Yamani was only a commoner in the Kingdom, some members of the royal family had begun to recognize the contribution such a technocrat could make to the Saudi government. Then crown prince Faisal, later the King, championed young Yamani and gave him a clear mandate to do whatever necessary to keep his country's oil benefits home in Saudi Arabia. A natural diplomat, Yamani quickly became the unproclaimed leader of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries as well as the global cartel, OPEC. In November and December of 1973, Sheik Yamani toured western capitals to explain OPEC's radical policies, including why oil prices were going to go up by 70%.
His announcement shocked the world and his name became an international household word. In London, one journalist wrote at the time that Sheik Yamani of Saudi Arabia was the most formidable eastern emissary to arrive in Europe since the Tartars swept into Russia or the Muslim hordes reached the walls of Vienna in the Middle Ages. In 1975, Yamani was the target when terrorists seized OPEC headquarters in Vienna and took the ministers hostage for several days. Ever since, then, Yamani surrounded himself with tough British bodyguards, and he kept his movements secret. Whenever he was seen abroad, he appeared as a superstar with his entourage.
At home, in the royal kingdom however, his position was somewhat different. He remained a commoner and, consequently, always an outsider, useful to the monarchy only as a technocrat who could manage Saudi wealth for the true owners, the royal family. Sometimes, at OPEC meetings, he would have to fly back home to consult with the King before proceeding with negotiations. At such times, ministers from revolutionary member states, like Iran, would criticize Yamani for being only a lackey with no power to make decisions on his own. At the same time, many observers believe that Yamani's ouster yesterday was caused by King Fahd's irritation with Yamani's power base outside the kingdom. OPEC specialist, Yousef Ibrahim of the Wall Street Journal , say Yamani got caught between demands.
Yamani is also said to be an extremely sensitive and religious man. He has been concerned that peoples of the world should try to understand each other. For example, in a conversation once with this reporter, Sheik Yamani said he believed all world leaders, like himself, should have at least an introductory course in social anthropology in order to be tolerant of other cultures. The cosmopolitan Sheik Yamani will be remembered as not only a wizard of oil economics, but perhaps more as a leading diplomat who brought the Arab world into the fore again, and changed the course of late twentieth century history. I'm Elizabeth Coulton in Washington.


This week in the United States, the Senate voted to reject the $200,000,000 in additional aid to the Philippines. That money was approved by the House after President Corazon Aquion delivered an emotional address to a joint session of Congress during her visit a few weeks ago. In that speech, Aquion thanked those law-makers who, she said, had balanced US strategic interests against human concerns and turned US policy against Ferdinand Marcos.
However, the conflict between strategic US defense interests and the everyday human needs of Filipinos remains at the heart of US-Philippine relations. It was a major issue in the Senate debate over increased economic aid when concerns were raised about the Philippines' commitment to retaining two major US military bases. Nowhere is this conflict more tangible but in Philippine base towns themselves. NPR's Allen Burlow has a report:
The frightening roar and fearful symmetry of an F-4 Phantom Fighter plane racing down the runway of Subic Bay Naval Station, are quickly lost in wonder as the 23-ton Phantom arches gracefully into the blue morning sky and disappears among the clouds of the South China Sea. The exact nature of today's mission is unknown. Perhaps it is a routine exercise, or training hours for a young pilot on one of the more than 200 daily flights from Subic Bay. It is impossible to say what thoughts occupy this pilot's mind, whether they pertain to the endless briefings on the strategic importance of Subic Bay, to the threat of communism, to the issues of nuclear war, or to the theoretical battles of superpower strategists who have him racing through the heavens away from the city of Olongapo.
Olongapo, located about 50 miles northwest of Manila, is the city just outside the Sublic Bay Naval Station. Olongapo is where the Filipinos live and where the Americans come to play. In a way, Olongapo is a microcosm of the tensions in US-Philippine relations. Before the Subic Bay installation was built, Olongapo was little more than a fishing village. Today, the local economy benefits from tens of millions of dollars spent there annually. At the same time, the extraordinary and pervasive influence of Sbic Bay on the economy and culture of Olongapo and the Philippines as a whole has led many Filipinos to question whether the base should be allowed to stay.
On any given day, there are 10,000 Americans at Subic Bay. They deal with the big issues like nuclear war and communism. But Philippine President Corazon Aquino must deal with more mundane matters, like the economic crisis her country faces in places like Olongapo and places like Pergasa.
Pergasa is the barrel where the city of Olongapo dumps its garbage. It is also home for the city's most destitute. While Pergasa is separated from the Subic Bay Naval Station by only a few yards, a moat of raw sewage, and a fence of barbed wire, the concerns of its residents could not be more distant.
Verhilio Fransi has lived here almost 10 years. He, his wife, and 8 children, occupy a one-room scrapwood shack. They live off the dump, collecting bottles and plastic cartons.
"In one day, we get almost forty-five, fifty pesos, in one day."
"And who does the work, you or all your children?"
"All of us."
"All of you together. You make forty-five pesos."
"All of us in one day."
"And do you also find food here or not?"
"We got ... we found food, but it's canned foods."
"Can you eat that food?"
"Sometimes, but when it tastes no good, we throw it."
Fransi says some days his children go hungry. The earnings he mentioned for his family of ten come to about $2 a day. In the local dialect, Pergasa means hope. Last year, Verhilio Fransi found a solid gold bracelet in the dump. He sold it for about $10.
In Pergasa, you breathe the unmistakable acrid smoke of smouldering garbage coughed up by fires that never go out. In Pergasa, there are thick clouds of flies, millions of flies humming their monotonous song of decay as they swarm about the mountains of garbage rising ten, fifteen, thirty feet into the air.
Catolino Trancy, his wife and nine children live off the dump. Near the entrance to their mud-floor shack, there is a pan with eight pigs and an oil drum filled above its rim with blood-stained bones. I asked Mr. Trancy why he collected these.
"There is a ... that skulls and bones."
"And how much money do you get for skulls and bones?"
"About seventy-five centavos a kilo."
There is a dumpster in front of Trancy's house that says "Donated to Olongapo city by the US navy". Another sign bears one of the slogans of a former mayor. It reads, "It's forbidden to be lazy in this city."
Some two hundred families live here in Pergasa. Chickens and dogs and rats can be seen running about. A little girl walks through the flattened cans and the bottle caps, dragging a plastic bag on a string or a sort of kite. She falls into the broken glass and ashes and doesn't cry.
In the Pergasa, the houses are of wood, tin and cardboard boxes that say things like "This side up" or "Fragile". There's a house with a faded green "Merry Christmas" sign, another that says "God bless you". There is irony here for journalists, but there is no electricity or basic services.
The US navy is in Olongapo because it is one of the best naturally protected harbors in the world. It is there because the Pentagon thinks Subic Bay is essential to protecting US security interests in Asia, the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. But whether the US will be allowed to remain in Olongapo will eventually be decided by Filipinos. In a national referendum promised by President Aquino, they will be asking what kind of friend the US had been, if the bases serve Philippines' security interests as well as very real human needs of their country, if the income from the base offsets the damage done to the structure of Philippine society and to Philippine sovereignty. As this debate heats up, the United States faces a difficult task in convincing people that its concerns extend beyond global issues of security down to the very real everyday problems faced by ordinary Filipinos. I'm Allen Burlow reporting.
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