定语从句长难句分类解析
定语从句长难句分类解析
1. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.
【翻译演练】 ___________________________
【参考译文】 这种思想大约从20世纪80年代初开始盛行，在那时，陪审团开始要求更多的公司对顾客的不幸承担责任。
【结构分析】 此句中逗号前面是主句，逗号后面的when引导非限制性定语从句（when相当于at that time），对the early 1980s进行补充说明（注意非限制性定语从句常可采用分译的方式翻译）；从句中的liable for是形容词短语作宾语more companies的补足语，即hold sb. liable for... “认为某人应对……负责”。
【词汇精记】 or so 大约，大概；go的理解很灵活，可译为“开始盛行”；hold（相当于consider）认为；be liable for... 对……负责；customers' misfortunes 顾客的不幸。
2. Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
【翻译演练】 _______________________
【参考译文】 事实并非如此，因为它认为在人权方面有着共同的认识，然而这种共识根本不存在。
【结构分析】 Actually, it isn't,//because it assumes that there is an agreed account (of human rights), ( which is something) (the world does not have).句子主干结构是主从复合句“S＋V, because...”，即第一段是主句，第二段是原因状语从句；主句isn't后面省略的词应该是so或true；原因状语从句中的that引导名词性从句，作assumes的宾语（即宾语从句）；在宾语从句中，括号部分of human rights是account的后置定语，of此处意为“关于”（相当于about）；逗号后的which引导非限制性定语从句，也修饰先行词account，对其进行补充说明（同样，在翻译时采取分译策略）：something后面是又一个定语从句the world does not have，省略了关系代词that，修饰先行词something。
【词汇精记】 assume 假设，认为；account 叙述；an agreed account 一致的看法；human righ 人权。
3. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
【翻译演练】 _________________________
【参考译文】 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
【结构分析】 The Greeks assumed//that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, ( which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be). 第二段中，that引导名词性从句，作assumed的宾语（即宾语从句），表示观点内容，从句的主语是the structure of language，谓语是固定搭配had some connection with，宾语是the process of thought；在其后括号中，which引导非限制性定语从句，； which指代的是前面that从句的内容，而不是前面的某一名词；在括号中，画线的long before...是一个时间状语从句，修饰从句谓语took root。
【词汇精记】 assume 认为，假设；have some connection with（相当于have something to do with）和……有某种关系；the process of thought 思维过程；take root in 扎根于，根植于；long before 早在……以前；diverse 多样化的。
4. He made a hole and peering through, could see jewellery, and other objects stacked in piles in the shadows that extended beyond the beam of light penetrating the interior.
【翻译演练】 ____________________________
【参考译文】 他凿了一个洞，透过这个洞他能够看到珠宝，并且在透进去的光线之外的阴影里面看到了成堆的其他东西。
【结构分析】 He made a hole and peering through , could see jewellery, and other objects (stacked in piles in the shadows) ( that extended beyond the beam of light) (penetrating the interior).主干为He made...and...could see...，即句子有两个并列谓语；画线的peering through是现在分词短语作方式状语，修饰could see，它分隔了两个并列的谓语动作；other objects和jewellery并列，都作could see的宾语；后面括号中stacked in piles in the shadows 是过去分词短语作other objects的后置定语；再后面括号里的 that extended beyond...是定语从句修饰先行词the shadows；penetrating the interior是现在分词短语作the beam of light的后置定语；所以，句子后面三个括号部分属层层修饰的关系，各为其前面相关名词的后置定语。
【词汇精记】 make a hole 凿了一个洞；peer through 透过某物看（此处through是副词）；be stacked in piles 被堆积在一起；in the shadows 在阴影里；extend beyond... 范围超出……；beam of light 光线，光柱；penetrate the interior 透进内部；penetrate 刺透，扎破。
5. Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
【翻译演练】 ________________________
【参考译文】 不同的文化和传统把古老的欧洲大陆编织成一个彼此相连的整体，但打造一个尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲名片”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。
【结构分析】 Creating a "European identity" ( that respects the different cultures and traditions) ( which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent) is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.句子主干是Creating a "European identity"...is...and demands...；Creating...是动名词短语作主语，is和demands并列作其谓语动词；但整个主语部分较长，由that引导的定语从句修饰先行词“European identity”；不仅如此，在that引导的定语从句中又由which引导了一个定语从句修饰先行词cultures and traditions。
【词汇精记】 European identity 欧洲身份，欧洲品牌，欧洲名片；make up 组成；fabric 构造物，织物；the connecting fabric 彼此相连的整体；the Old Continent 古老大陆；a strategic choice 战略性的选择。
6. Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
【翻译演练】 _________________________
【参考译文】 Pearson汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到的数百项重大突破和发现的最近日期。
【结构分析】 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world,//to produce a unique millennium technology calendar ( that gives the latest dates) ( when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place ).第一段是主句，Pearson是主语，has pieced together是谓语，the work是宾语，后面of hundreds of researchers是宾语的后置定语，around the world则是其前面researchers的后置定语；第二段中的to produce...是不定式短语作结果状语，表示“has pieced together”的结果；calendar后面的that...是定语从句，修饰先行词calender；在句末括号中，when引导的也是定语从句，它修饰先行词dates，此从句中主语是we，谓语是can expect，宾语是breakthroughs and discoveries，画线部分to take place则是宾语的补足语（expect sb. to do sth .），斜体部位hundreds of和key是宾语的修饰语。
【词汇精记】 piece together 汇集，综合；produce 生产，引申为“编制”；unique 独一无二的；a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历；millennium 一千年；the latest dates 最近日期；key 关键的；breakthrough 突破；take place 发生。
7. But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
【翻译演练】 _________________________________
【参考译文】 Pearson指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终人们会在下世纪末之前研制出真正的电子人。
【结构分析】 But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: //It will be the beginning (of the long process of integration ) ( that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century ).第一段是句子的主干结构：But that...is only the start...，主语是that，谓语是系动词is，表语是the start of man-machine integration，两个逗号中间的Pearson points out是插入语；第二段冒号后面的内容对前面信息作进一步解释说明，其中括号部分of引导的介词短语作前面beginning后置定语；句末括号中that will ultimately lead to...是前面process of integration的定语从句；在此定语从句里，画线的before...部分是时间状语，表示will lead to...发生的时间。
【词汇精记】 point out 指出；breakthrough 突破；integration 成为一体，完整；man-machine integration 人机一体化；process 过程；a fully electronic human 真正的电子人；ultimately 最终。
8. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.
【翻译演练】 _________________________
【参考译文】 由于个人伤害索赔案继续像以往那样在发生，一些法庭开始转而支持被告，尤其是在警示标签很可能也无济于事的案件当中。
【结构分析】 As personal injury claims continue as before ,//some courts are beginning to side with defendants,//especially in cases ( where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything).第二段是句子的主干结构，其中some courts是主语，are beginning to side with是谓语（复合谓语），defendants是宾语；而第一段画线部分则是As引导的原因状语从句，表示谓语are beginning发生的原因，其中斜体的as before是比较状语修饰从句的谓语continue；第三段中，especially in cases是范围状语，修饰to side with...；句末括号中的where引导定语从句（相当于in which），修饰先行词cases。
【词汇精记】 personal 个人的；injury 伤害，受伤；claim 索赔，要求；court 法院，法庭；side with 支持；defendant 被告；a warning label 警示标签；case 案件。
9. I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they are going.
【翻译演练】 _________________________
【参考译文】 我所认识的作家寥寥无几，然而凡是我所认识和尊敬的作家，都会立即承认自己也不清楚最终会写到哪里。
【结构分析】 I have known very few writers,//but those (I have known, and whom I respect), confess at once that they have little idea (where they are going).本句是由but连接的并列句，主干是I have known..., but those...confess that...；第一段是简单句；在第二段中，主语是those，谓语是confess，宾语是画线部分that引导的名词性从句（即宾语从句）； 括号中的I have known, and whom I respect是并列定语从句，修饰先行词those，并且I have known前面省略了关系代词that或whom；句末括号中where引导的从句则是其前面idea的同位语从句，对其内容进行解释。
【词汇精记】 confess 承认；have little idea 几乎一无所知。
10. Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
【翻译演练】 _____________________________
【参考译文】 Tylor把文化定义为“一个复杂的整体，它包括信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及人作为社会成员所获得的其他任何能力和习惯。”
【结构分析】 Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole ( which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits ) (acquired by man as a member of society )."句子的主干结构是：Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole..."，后面括号部分是which引导的定语从句：其主语是which，谓语是includes，其后面斜体部分则是多重并列宾语；再后面的括号中acquired by...是过去分词短语作前面capabilities and habits的后置定语，而句末的画线部分as...则是介词短语作其前面man的后置定语。
【词汇精记】 define...as... 把……定义为；complex 复杂的；that complex whole 一个复杂的整体；capability 能力；acquire 获得；belief 信仰；moral 道德；custom 风俗。
11. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration.
【翻译演练】 ___________________________
【参考译文】 首先，任何科学研究都要求人们对所选择的考察对象不能厚此薄彼。
【结构分析】 In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another (of the items) (in the series) ( it selects for its consideration ).此句话的主语是any scientific study，谓语是requires，宾语是that引导的名词性从句（即宾语从句）；在that宾语从句中，谓语动词be用虚拟语气原形（因主句谓语动词是requires）；此外，这部分修饰语较繁杂：of the items是介词短语作后置定语修饰one or another；in the series又作后置定语修饰items；而在series后面是一个省略了关系代词that的定语从句，对先行词series进行修饰，在此定语从句中，画线的介词短语for...是selects的目的状语。
【词汇精记】 preferential 偏爱的；weight 加重量于……，侧重；There is no preferential weighting of sth. 绝没有对……偏爱／偏重；item 项目，组成部分；one or another of the items in the series 系列组成部分中的某一个；select... for consideration 选择……来考虑。
12. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbor's superstition.
【翻译演练】 ___________________________
【参考译文】 首先我们要让自己成熟一点，即不再拿自己的信仰和邻居的迷信针锋相对。
【结构分析】 It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication ( where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbor's superstition).It是形式主语，真正的主语是画线部分，即不定式短语first to arrive...；句末括号中where引导定语从句，修饰先行词that degree of sophistication。
【词汇精记】 degree of sophistication 复杂／先进程度；set A against B 把A和B对立起来／进行比较；superstition 迷信。
13. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say.
【翻译演练】 _______________________
【参考译文】 比如说，我们所有天文学规律和群居昆虫生活习性的知识，都是通过这种方式获得的。
【结构分析】 In this way, we have learned all ( that we know of the laws of astronomy , or of the habits of the social insects ),//let us say.句子的主语是we，谓语是have learned，宾语是all，其后括号里是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词all（ 以all为代表的不定代词，其定语从句引导词只能用关系代词that，不能用which）；在定语从句里，两个画线部分of the laws of astronomy和of the habits of the social insects是并列的关系，共同作know的范围状语（ 这里的两个of都是“about”的意思）；最后，let us say是插入语。
【词汇精记】 in this way 通过这种方式；learn 得知，习得；the laws of astronomy 天文学规律；social insects 群居昆虫；social 群居的（动物），社交的（人）；let us say 比如说。
14. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.
【翻译演练】 ________________________
【参考译文】 一些公司只与那些被允许进入公司内部网络的老客户进行交易，通过这种方式来减少风险。
【结构分析】 Some companies are limiting the risk//by conducting online transactions only with established business partners ( who are given access to the company's private intranet).第一段是句子主干；by conducting...是句子谓语are limiting的方式状语，who are...是定语从句，修饰先行词business partners。
【词汇精记】 limit the risk by doing 通过做某事来降低风险；conduct 做，实施，传导；transaction 交易；conduct transactions with 和某人进行交易；established 固定的；business partner 生意客户；give sb. access to 允许某人进入；private intranet 内部网络。
15. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
【翻译演练】 _________________________
【参考译文】 在谈到这个问题的作家中，几乎没有人探讨过这种区别，或者准确地说，这种矛盾。这个矛盾直指把电脑引入课堂这一问题的核心。
【结构分析】 Very few writers (on the subject) have explored this distinction//—indeed, contradiction—( which goes to the heart) (of what is wrong with the campaign ) to put computers in the classroom .第一段是句子的主干：主语是Very few writers，谓语是have explored，宾语是this distinction，括号中的介词短语on the subject是writers的后置定语；双破折号中间的indeed，contradiction是插入语，which goes...是定语从句修饰先行词this distinction，紧随其后的介词短语of...是heart的后置定语，画线部分是what引导的名词性从句作介词of的宾语（即宾语从句）；句末斜体部分是不定式短语作前面the campaign的后置定语。
【词汇精记】 on the subject 关于这一主题；explore 探索，探究；distinction 差异；go to the heart of 涉及……的本质；what is wrong with sth. 某事／物的问题；campaign 运动。
16. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
【翻译演练】 _______________________
【参考译文】 此外，像我们这样的大国，经济活动遍及各州又涉及众多的跨国公司，这样做很难培养出所需要的各类专业人士。
【结构分析】 Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number (of every kind of professional) in a country (as large as ours) and ( where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations).此句主语是this，谓语是is unlikely to produce，宾语是the needed number，其后面的of every kind of professional是宾语的后置定语，画线的in a country是此句的地点状语；难点在于形容词短语as large as ours和where引导的定语从句是并列关系，由and连接共同修饰先行词a country，造成了修饰成分较繁杂的现象；在where引导的定语从句中，谓语动词是is spread和involves，它们是并列关系，共同作the economy的谓语。
【词汇精记】 besides 除此以外；be unlikely to do 不可能做；produce 培养，提供；professional 专业的，专业人士；over so many states 遍及／覆盖如此多的州；involve 涉及，包括。
17. New ways of organizing the workplace—all that re-engineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
【翻译演练】 _________________________
【参考译文】 一些有关工作场所组织方面的新方法，即工程重组和降低规模，仅仅是促进经济综合生产率的一个方面；许多其他因素，诸如设备和机器方面的投资、新技术的应用以及教育和培训上的投资都促进了综合生产率的提高。
【结构分析】 New ways (of organizing the workplace)—(all that re-engineering and downsizing)—are only one contribution (to the overall productivity of an economy ), ( which is driven by many other factors) (such as joint investment in equipment and machinery , new technology , and investment in education and training ).此句的主语是New ways，谓语是系动词are，表语是one contribution，介词短语of organizing the workplace是主语的后置定语，破折号中间的部分是插入语；one contribution后面的不定式短语是其后置定语，which引导非限制性定语从句对其先行词the overall productivity of an economy作补充说明；such as是介词短语作后置定语修饰factors，但要注意该介词短语后面有三个并列的名词短语：joint investment in equipment and machinery ，new technology，and investment in education and training ，其中的斜体部分是各自前面相关名词的后置定语。
【词汇精记】 workplace 工作场所；engineering 工程（学）；downsize 降低规模；one contribution to... 一个对于……的贡献；overall 全面的，综合的；productivity 生产率；joint 联合的；investment 投资；equipment and machinery 设备和机械；training 培训。
18. They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.
【翻译演练】 _______________________
【参考译文】 他们只在一方面是共同的，即往往会去骚扰或威胁那些自认为是更开明的人。
【结构分析】 They have in common only one thing (that they tend to annoy or threaten those) ( who regard themselves as more enlightened).此句的主干结构是：They have only one thing...in common；one thing是谓语动词have的宾语，因后面带较长的that同位语从句，出于句子结构平衡的考虑，被后置；所以，in common在形式上割裂了动词和宾语的关系；句末括号中是who引导的定语从句修饰先行词those，此从句中的as more enlightened和前面的regarded构成搭配，作themselves的宾语补足语。
【词汇精记】 have sth. in common 有共同的……；tend to... 往往会……；annoy 激怒；threaten 威胁；enlightened 开明的。
19. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.
【翻译演练】 _______________________________
【参考译文】 相互吻合的海岸线和虽大洋相隔但两岸某些相似的地质特征都会使人想起两个大陆曾经在此连在一起。
【结构分析】 The complementary coastlines and certain geological features ( that seem to span the ocean) are reminders (of where the two continents were once joined ).句子的主语是The...coastlines and...features，谓语动词是系动词are，表语是reminders；that seem...是定语从句修饰先行词features，句末括号中的介词短语of...是reminders的后置定语，在of后面是where引导的名词从句作介词of的宾语（即宾语从句）。
【词汇精记】 complementary 补充的，补足的；coastline 海岸线；certain 特定的；geological features 地质（理）特征；span 横跨，跨过；reminder 提醒物；join 连接；continent 大陆。
20. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
【翻译演练】 _________________________
【参考译文】 我们生活在一个医疗和社交上广泛使用各种物质（麻醉品）的社会：用阿司匹林缓解头痛，喝酒促进社交，清晨喝咖啡提神，抽烟刺激神经等。
【结构分析】 We live in a society//( in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive): //an aspirin (to quiet a headache), some wine (to be sociable), coffee (to get going in the morning), a cigarette (for the nerves).第一段是句子的主干结构；第二段中in which引导定语从句修饰先行词a society，此定语从句的主干是主系表结构：the...use...is pervasive；第三段冒号后是四个名词加后置定语组成的名词短语，可视作是the...use of substances的同位语，对其进行解释。
【词汇精记】 medicinal 医疗的；social 社交的；substance 物质；drug 麻醉品，药物；pervasive 广泛的；quiet a headache 缓解头痛；get going in the morning 在早晨变得精神。
21. Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.
【翻译演练】 ________________________________
【参考译文】 事实上，有证据表明遗忘的快慢是和知识量的多少有直接关系的。
【结构分析】 Indeed, there is evidence//that the rate ( at which individuals forget) is directly related to how much they have learned .第一段是句子主干；第二段是that引导的同位语从句，解释前面evidence的内容，其中主语是the rate，谓语是is related to，宾语是特殊疑问词how引导的名词性从句（即宾语从句）； 在此同位语从句中，主语the rate后面的at which individuals forget是定语从句，修饰先行词rate（之所以用at which是因为at the rate of...这一搭配之故）。
【词汇精记】 evidence 证据；at the rate of 以……速度，速率；individual 个人；be directly related to 和……直接相关。
22. The American economic system is organized around a market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services they want most.
【翻译演练】 __________________________________
【参考译文】 美国的经济体制基本上是以市场经济为中心建立起来的。在这种经济体制下，消费者通过在市场上花钱购买他们最需要的产品和服务，很大程度上决定了产品的生产。
【结构分析】 The American economic system is organized around a market-oriented economy//( in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services ) ( they want most ).第一段是句子的主干：主语是The American economic system，谓语部分是is organized around，宾语是a market-oriented economy；第二段中in which引导定语从句，修饰先行词economy；在定语从句里，主语是consumers，谓语是determine，宾语是特殊疑问词what引导的名词性从句（即宾语从句），by spending...则是介词短语作方式状语修饰谓语动词determine；斜体部分in the marketplace和for those goods and service是determine的地点状语和目的状语；句末括号中是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词goods and services。
【词汇精记】 economic system 经济体制；be organized around 以……为中心／基础；market-oriented economy 市场经济；orient 面向，以……为方向；consumer 消费者；largely 在很大程度上；determine 决定；marketplace 市场。
23. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
【翻译演练】 ___________________________
【参考译文】 另一方面，如果增加产量导致成本降低，它将会使产销商增加供给，随之使得价格降低促使更多的消费者购买商品。
【结构分析】 If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost , this will tend to increase the supply (offered by seller-producers),//( which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product).第一段是本句主干，由一个条件状语从句和主句构成；状语从句由if引导，从句主语是动名词短语producing more...，从句谓语动词是results in，从句宾语是reducing its cost，两个逗号中间的on the other hand是插入语；在主句中，主语是this（指代前面从句内容），谓语是will tend to increase，宾语是the supply，括号中offered by...是过去分词短语作the supply的后置定语；第二段是which（指代主句内容）引导的非限制性定语从句，对前面的主句内容作补充说明。
【词汇精记】 on the other hand 另一方面；commodity 商品；tend to 往往会；producing more of a commodity 生产更多的产品；result in 导致；reduce its cost 削减其成本；seller-producer 产销者；in turn 轮流，依次地；consumer 消费者；permit 允许。
24. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
【翻译演练】 _________________________
【参考译文】 改革家将寻求一些不同的道路，这些道路即使会走向死胡同，从长远来看却更便捷，并且注定更有趣和富有挑战性。
【结构分析】 The innovator will search for alternate courses,//( which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends ).第一段是句子主干：The innovator是主语，will search for是谓语，宾语是alternate courses；第二段中which引导了一个非限制性定语从句，对先行词courses进行补充说明；在该从句中有两个并列谓语may prove和are bound to be；画线部分的even if则引导了让步状语从句，加强谓语动词的语气。
【词汇精记】 innovator 改良者，改革家；search for 寻求；alternate 替换的，轮流的；course 课程，（一道）菜，过程，航向，方向；in the long run 从长远来看；be bound to 注定；lead to 导致，通向；dead ends 死胡同；challenging 有挑战性的。
25. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
【翻译演练】 _______________________
【参考译文】 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
【结构分析】 This trend began during the Second World War, ( when several governments came to the conclusion) that the specific demands ( that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment) cannot generally be foreseen in detail .此句主语是This trend，谓语动词是began，during the Second World War是时间状语；括号中when引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词the Second World War进行补充说明；画线的that从句是the conclusion的同位语从句；在同位语从句中，主语是the specific demands，其后括号中是that引导定语从句修饰先行词demands，谓语是cannot generally be foreseen，in detail是程度状语；在that定语从句里，主语是a government，谓语是wants to make，宾语是关系代词that（指代demands），后面的介词短语of...是make的范围状语（即make demands of... 向……提出要求）。
【词汇精记】 trend 趋势；come to the conclusion that... 得出结论认为……；specific 具体的，明确的；demand 要求；make demands of 向……提出要求；scientific establishment 科研机构；in detail 详尽地；foresee 预见。
26. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.
【翻译演练】 ______________________________
【参考译文】 科学研究方法只不过是对必要的人类思维运转模式的表述，即对所有现象进行推理并给予精确而严密解释的思维模式。
【结构分析】 The method (of scientific investigation) is nothing but the expression (of the necessary mode of working of the human mind);//it is simply the mode ( by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations).此句以分号为界，前后各一个分句；分句一的主干是主系表结构：The method...is...the expression...，括号中的介词短语of...皆是各自前面名词的后置定语，画线的nothing but相当于only；分句二中，by which引导定语从句（之所以用介词by，是因为by a mode是固定搭配，意为“通过某种方式”），并且须注意定语从句里的并列谓语are reasoned about and given...。
【词汇精记】 scientific investigation 科学研究／调查；nothing but（相当于only/just）仅仅；the mode of working of the human mind 人类思维运转模式；by this mode（相当于by this means）通过这一方式；reason about 推理；precise 精确的；exact 确切的；explanation 解释。
27. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison.
【翻译演练】 __________________________
【参考译文】 既然智力的评估有其相对的一面，我们就一定要确保在比较对象时所用的尺度能提供一个“公平”“有效”的结果。
【结构分析】 句子可拆分如下：Now since the assessment (of intelligence) is a comparative matter //we must be sure that the scale ( with which we are comparing our subjects) provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison .第一段斜体部分是由since引导的原因状语从句，从句主语是the assessment，从句谓语是is，从句表语是a comparative matter；第二段是主句（主系表结构），主语是we，谓语是must be，表语是sure，其后画线部位是that引导的一个名词性从句，作sure的宾语从句（即形容词宾语从句，如be certain/confident/afraid that...）；此宾语从句主语是the scale，谓语动词是provides，宾语是a comparison（"valid" or "fair"是宾语的并列定语）；在that从句中，括号里with which引导定语从句对先行词the scale进行修饰说明（之所以用with＋which，是因为动词搭配compare...with...）。
【词汇精记】 assessment 评估；intelligence 智力；comparative 相对的；matter 事情；compare...with... 把……和……进行比较；valid 有效的；fair 公平的；comparison 比较；scale 尺度，规模，级别；subject 主题，科目，对象。
28. Carter's devotion to her ancestor is about more than personal pride: it is about family honor, for Henson has lived on through the character in American fiction that he helped inspire.
【翻译演练】 ___________________________
【参考译文】 Carter对自己祖先的挚爱不仅仅是出于一己之骄傲，更是出于家族荣誉。因为Henson所激发的创作灵感使得一个美国小说人物得以问世，因此他本人至今仍为人所熟知。
【结构分析】 Carter's devotion (to her ancestor) is about more than personal pride//: it is about family honor, for Henson has lived on through the character (in American fiction) ( that he helped inspire).第一段中，主语是Carter's devotion，括号中的介词to短语是主语devotion的后置定语，谓语是系动词is，表语是personal pride，画线部分more than表示程度，意为“不仅仅，比……更”；第二段冒号后面的内容是对第一段意思的进一步补充，主干是主系表结构：it is about family honor；后面画线部分是for引导的原因状语从句，其中主语是Henson，谓语是has lived on，through the character则是has lived on的方式状语；最后，括号中的介词in短语和括号中that引导的从句都是后置定语，共同对先行词the character进行修饰。
【词汇精记】 one's devotion to 对……的挚爱；ancestor 祖先；more than... 不仅仅……；personal pride 个人的骄傲；honor 荣誉；live on 继续存在；fiction 小说；inspire 激发／引起……的灵感，鼓舞。
29. Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs from overseas flock in search of fame, fast money and to participate in a technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the bygone age.
【翻译演练】 _____________________
【参考译文】 硅谷就像是一块磁铁，让无数才华横溢的海外工程师、科学家和企业家为了名利蜂拥而至；他们还有一个目的，就是参与这里的技术革命，因为与具有划时代意义的欧洲文艺复兴和已逝去的工业革命相比，它对人类的影响力无疑是有过之而无不及的。
【结构分析】 Silicon Valley is a magnet// to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs (from overseas) flock (in search of fame, fast money) and (to participate in a technological revolution)// whose impact (on mankind) will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution (of the bygone age).第一段主系表结构是句子的主干；第二段是由to which引导的定语从句，对先行词magnet进行修饰说明（之所以用to which，是因为动词搭配flock to...，意为“涌向……”），在此从句中，主语是并列名词短语engineers，scientists and entrepreneurs，其前面的numerous talented和后面的from overseas是其前、后置定语，谓语动词是flock，括号中的介词in短语和不定式to短语是并列关系，共同作flock的目的状语；第三段是whose引导的定语从句，主语是impact，谓语是will surely surpass，宾语是European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution，括号中的部分皆是各自前面相关名词的后置定语。
【词汇精记】 Silicon Valley 硅谷；numerous 无数的；talented 有才华的；entrepreneur 企业家；overseas 海外的（地）；flock to 涌向；in search of 寻找；fame 名声；participate (in) 参加；impact (on) 影响力；mankind 人类；surpass 超越，超过；epoch-making 具有划时代意义的；European Renaissance 欧洲文艺复兴；Industrial Revolution 工业革命；the bygone age 已逝去的时代。
30. The principle of making the best use of all we have requires that we stop the waste of human life in industry and prevent the waste of human welfare which flows from the unfair use of concentrated power and wealth in the hands of men whose eagerness for profit blinds them to the cost of what they do.
【翻译演练】 ____________________________
【参考译文】 充分利用现有的一切，这一原则要求我们不要继续把生命耗费在工业上，并制止对人类福利的浪费行为，后者往往是人们滥用集中在自己手中的权力和财富造成的。这些人利欲熏心，却对付出的代价视而不见。
【结构分析】 The principle (of making the best use of all) ( we have ) requires that we stop the waste (of human life in industry) and prevent the waste (of human welfare)//( which flows from the unfair use of concentrated power and wealth in the hands of men)//( whose eagerness for profit blinds them to the cost of what they do).第一段是句子的主干，结构是The principle...requires that we stop the waste...and prevent the waste...，主语是The principle，谓语是requires，宾语是that引导的名词性从句（即宾语从句），括号中的部分皆是各自前面相关名词的后置定语（of making...是主语the principle的后置定语，we have是省略了that的定语从句修饰all，of human life in industry和of human welfare分别是两个waste的后置定语）；第二段中，which引导定语从句修饰先行词welfare；最后一段中，whose引导一个定语从句修饰先行词men。
【词汇精记】 principle 原则，原理；make the best use of 充分利用；welfare 福利，福祉；flow from 源于；unfair 不公平的；concentrate 集中；concentrated power and wealth 集中的权利和财富；profit 利益；eagerness for profit 对利益的渴望；blind sb. to... 使某人对……视而不见；in the hands of 在……手中；cost 成本（此处引申为“代价”）。
31. I'm usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.
【翻译演练】 _____________________
【参考译文】 有些研究认为，人们和50年前比较要么更幸福要么更不幸，对自己要么更自信要么更不自信，对于任何这样的研究我通常持一种怀疑的态度。
【结构分析】 I'm usually fairly skeptical about any research// that concludes (that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves//than they were 50 years ago.第一段是主系表结构作句子的主干；第二段是that引导定语从句修饰先行词research，从句中，that引导名词性从句作concludes的宾语，在此从句中，either A or B or C是并列形容词短语作表语；最后一段中than引导的比较状语从句和前面的happier or unhappier or more or less certain of...形成比较结构。
【词汇精记】 be fairly skeptical about 对……相当怀疑；be certain of 对……肯定。
32. There are newsletters, such as Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands Americans useful tips on anything from recycling cling-film to making their own soap.
【翻译演练】 ________________________
【参考译文】 还有像《Tightwad Gazette》这样的简讯，它们给数十万美国人提供了许许多多有用的小窍门，从保鲜膜回收利用到自制肥皂，一应俱全。
【结构分析】 There are also newsletters, such as Tightwad Gazette ,// that give hundreds of thousands Americans useful tips (on anything) (from recycling cling-film to making their own soap).此句的第一段是句子主干，画线部分是插入语表示举例；第二段是关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰先行词newsletters，因插入语之故，此句的定语从句和先行词发生了分隔（ 此处并非非限制性定语从句）；从句中的主语是关系代词that，谓语是give，宾语是hundreds of thousands Americans（间接宾语）和useful tips（直接宾语）；on anything是介词短语作前面tips的后置定语，from recycling cling-film to making their own soap则是介词短语作其前面anything的后置定语。
【词汇精记】 newsletter 简讯，通讯，新闻信札；hundreds of thousands 数十万；tip 小费，小窍门；recycle 回收利用；cling-film 保鲜膜；soap 肥皂。
