状语从句长难句分类解析

状语从句长难句分类解析

1. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.

【翻译演练】 　__________________________

【参考译文】 　一直以来，他提出的主张都是毋庸置疑的，不仅他自己深信不疑而且还说服了厂家和商家相信其真实性。

【结构分析】 　He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently// that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management//that they are true .第一段是句子主干，主语是He，谓语是has put forward，宾语是unquestioned claims，so consistently是程度状语；第二段是that引导的结果状语从句，和前面的so形成搭配，在从句里有并列结构not only...but (also)连接了并列动词believes 和has convinced ，共同作从句的谓语；第三段画线部分是that引导的名词性从句，作谓语动词has convinced的宾语（即宾语从句）（原理是固定搭配：convince sb. that... “让某人信服……”）。

【词汇精记】 　put forward 提出；unquestioned 毫无疑义的；claim 声称，主张；consistently 一致的，一贯的；convince sb. that... 让某人信服……；industrial and business management 工商管理（方）。

2. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.

【翻译演练】 　_________________________

【参考译文】 　这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。

【结构分析】 　句子的主干是The...languages were... so strikingly different from... that ...；句子里包含一个so...that句型，that引导结果状语从句。

【词汇精记】 　newly（相当于recently）最近地；strikingly 显著地；be different from 不同于；the newly described languages 新近被描述的语言；the well studied languages 已经得到充分研究的语言；accuse sb. of sth. 指责／指控某人做了某事；fabricate data 编造数据；Southeast Asia 东南亚；scholar 学者。

3. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.

【翻译演练】 　____________________________

【参考译文】 　家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。

【结构分析】 　And home appliances will also become so smart// that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout (of a new psychological disorder)—(kitchen rage).第一段是句子的主干结构：主语是home appliances，谓语是will become，表语是so smart；第二段是that引导的结果状语从句，和前面的so形成结构搭配，其中画线部分是并列的动名词短语作从句主语，will result in是谓语动词，the breakout是宾语，括号中的of短语是宾语the breakout的后置定语，句末括号部分则是其前面a new psychological disorder的同位语，对其进行解释。

【词汇精记】 　home appliance 家用电器；smart 聪明的，引申为“智能的”；result in 引发，导致；breakout（突然）发生；出现；psychological disorder 心理混乱（失调）；kitchen 厨房；rage 愤怒，暴怒。

4. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have: their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.

【翻译演练】 　________________________

【参考译文】 　过程并不是其自身，而是当人们遇到新的体验和不期而至的障碍时所表现出的态度和感受：谨慎或者勇气。

【结构分析】 　The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings//(people have: their caution or courage , as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles ).第一段是主系表结构：主语是The process，谓语是系动词is，表语是由not...，but (rather)...连接的两个并列的名词短语the road和the attitudes and feelings；第二段是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词the attitudes and feelings，冒号后面的their caution or courage表示对先行词的内容解释，画线部分as引导的时间状语从句，是定语从句的一部分，修饰定语从句的谓语动词have，表示其发生的时间。

【词汇精记】 　process 过程，工艺；not..., but (rather)... 根本不是……而是……；attitude 态度；caution 谨慎；encounter 遇到；unexpected 出乎预料的；obstacle 障碍。

5. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

【翻译演练】 　____________________________

【参考译文】 　我们之所以感激他们，是因为在此之后，这些语言中有一些已经不复存在了；这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己本族的语言。

【结构分析】 　We are obliged to them// because some of these languages have since vanished ,//{ as the peoples (who spoke them) died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages}.第一段是主句：主语是We，谓语动词是are obliged to，宾语是them；第二段是because引导的原因状语从句，修饰are obliged，表示其原因；第三段则是as引导的另一个原因状语从句，但修饰的却是前面从句中的谓语动词have vanished，表示其原因；在as引导的从句中，主语是the peoples（括号中的who spoke them是其定语从句），谓语动词是or连接的并列谓语died out和became assimilated and lost...。

【词汇精记】 　be obliged to sb. 感激某人；since 自此以后（此处是副词）；vanish 消失；peoples 种族；die out 灭绝；become assimilated 被吸收，被同化；native languages 本族（国）语言。

6. However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.

【翻译演练】 　 _______________________________

【参考译文】 　然而，世界就是如此：那些更加令人着迷、令人愉悦的方面，完美的体系一般无法解决。

【结构分析】 　However, the world is so made// that elegant systems are (in principle) unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects .第一段是句子主干；第二段是that引导的结果状语从句，和前面的so形成搭配，表示其结果；从句的主语是elegant systems，谓语是are unable to deal with，宾语是some，括号中的in principle（一般而言）是从句谓语的范围状语，后面画线部分是宾语较长的后置定语。

【词汇精记】 　elegant 优雅的；system 体系，体制；in principle 一般而言；deal with 解决，处理；fascinating 令人着迷的；delightful 令人愉快的；aspect 方面。

7. The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.

【翻译演练】 　________________________

【参考译文】 　如果要在智力方面做任何比较的话，就所有的参比对象而言前二者必须是等同的。

【结构分析】 　The first two must be equal for all (who are being compared),// if any comparison (in terms of intelligence) is to be made.第一段中who引导定语从句修饰先行词all；第二段if引导的条件状语从句修饰谓语动词must be，括号中的的介词短语in terms of...作any comparison的后置定语。

【词汇精记】 　make a comparison 作比较；in terms of 就……而言，在……方面；intelligence 智力；equal 等同的，平等的。

8. The greater interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

【翻译演练】 　_______________________

【参考译文】 　过去的三十年里，在公共教育领域里所表现出的对特殊儿童的关注表明在我们社会有这样一种强烈的感受：所有的公民都应该有机会充分发展自身的能力，无论其自身条件如何。

【结构分析】 　The greater interest (in exceptional children) (shown in public education over the past three decades ) indicates the strong feeling (in our society)//that all citizens , whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity (to fully develop their capabilities).这句话的主干是第一段：主语是The greater interest，谓语是indicates，宾语是the strong feeling；主语后面括号中介词短语in...和过去分词短语shown in...是其后置定语（ 斜体部分over the past three decades则是shown的时间状语），宾语feeling后面的in our society是介词短语作feeling的后置定语；第二段中，that引导的从句是feeling的同位语从句，对feeling作内容的解释；在that引导的同位语从句里，画线部分是从句主干：主语是all citizens，谓语动词是deserve，宾语是the opportunity，宾语后的不定式to...是后置定语修饰宾语；最值得关注的是：whatever又引导了一个让步状语从句，作插入结构，加强从句的语气，修饰indicate（ 该让步状语从句省略了动词are）。

【词汇精记】 　exceptional children 特殊儿童；indicate 暗示，表明；over the past three decades 在过去的三十年里；deserve 值得；capability 能力；deserve the opportunity to 应有机会做……。

9. Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of plants, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.

【翻译演练】 　____________________________

【参考译文】 　虽然起源自某处的生命可能只有1％会进化成为高级复杂的智能生命形态，但行星的数量是如此庞大，智能生命必然是宇宙的自然组成部分。

【结构分析】 　 Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life (that has started somewhere) will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns,//so vast is the number of plants,// that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.第一段是although引导的让步状语从句，其中主语是1 percent of the life，其后是that引导的定语从句对其限定修饰，谓语动词是will develop into，宾语是highly ...patterns；第二段是主句，因so vast置于句首，句子采用了倒装，正常的语序形式是主系表结构：the number of plants is so vast；第三段是that引导的结果状语从句，与主句中的so形成so...that结构。

【词汇精记】 　develop into 发展成，进化成；highly complex 高度复杂的；intelligent 聪明的；pattern 模式，方式；intelligent patterns 智能生命形态；intelligent life 智能生命；be bound to 注定；universe 宇宙；vast 辽阔的，巨大的。

10. While black conductors were often motivated by their own painful experiences, whites were commonly driven by religious convictions.

【翻译演练】 　_____________________________

【参考译文】 　黑人列车员的行为源自于自己的痛苦经历，而白人列车员的行为则出自于自己的宗教信仰。

【结构分析】 　 While black conductors were often motivated by their own painful experiences,//whites were commonly driven by religious convictions.本句是一个典型的主从复合句，第一段是由while引导的让步状语从句，while是“尽管”之意，相当于although；第二段是主句。

【词汇精记】 　black 黑人，黑人的；white 白人，白人的；conductor 列车员，导体；motivate 激励，给予动机；commonly 通常；drive 驱使；religious 宗教的；conviction 信仰。

11. Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.

【翻译演练】 　___________________________

【参考译文】 　由于大众通讯的显著发展，各地的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，而上述这些原因也使得各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。

【结构分析】 　Owing to the remarkable development (in mass-communications), people (everywhere) are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,// while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons (given above).第一段中，主语是people（后面的everywhere是其后置定语），谓语分别是are feeling和are being exposed to，宾语则分别是new wants和new customs and ideas，句首画线部分是owing to引导的原因状语，表示谓语发生的原因，括号里的in...是其前面development的后置定语；第二段是while连接的又一分句，和分句一形成对比关系，汉语意思是“而”，画线的for the reasons是原因状语，表示谓语动作的原因，其后面的given above是后置定语，修饰reasons。

【词汇精记】 　owing to 因为，由于；remarkable 显著的，非同寻常的；mass-communications 大众通讯；new wants 新的需求；be exposed to 接触到，暴露在；custom 风俗；introduce 引进，采取，施行；innovation 革新，革新措施；for the reasons given above 由于上述原因。

12. They had almost reached shore when a watchman spotted them and raced off to spread the news.

【翻译演练】 　 ______________________________

【参考译文】 　他们快到河岸的时候，突然一个负责警戒的人发现了他们，并跑着去报告消息。

【结构分析】 　They had almost reached shore when a watchman spotted them and raced off to spread the news .本句中，when引导的时间状语从句比较特殊，根据前后主从句的逻辑，应将其理解为“突然”之意；在从句中，spotted和raced off是a watchman的并列谓语，句末画线部分是从句的目的状语。

【词汇精记】 　when有时可理解为“突然”；watchman 负责警戒的人；spot 认出，发现；race off 跑开；to spread the news 散布消息。

13. Economy is one powerful motive for camping, since after the initial outlay upon equipment, or through hiring it, the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels.

【翻译演练】 　 _______________________

【参考译文】 　经济因素是野营的一个主要推动力量，因为在首次花钱购买或租赁了装备后，总费用要比住酒店的费用少得多。

【结构分析】 　Economy is one powerful motive (for camping),// since (after the initial outlay upon equipment), or (through hiring it), the total expense can be far less than the cost of hotels .第一段是句子的主干：主语是Economy，谓语是系动词is，表语是one powerful motive，其后括号里的部分是其后置定语；第二段是since引导的原因状语从句，其主干是画线的部分：主语是the total expense，谓语是can be，表语是far less，句末斜体部分是从句的比较状语；但最值得关注的是前面两个括号的内容：连接词or连接了两个并列的介词短语after...和through...（分别是从句的时间状语和方式状语），它们在形式上分隔了连接词since和其连接的主干部分（画线部分）。

【词汇精记】 　economy 经济，省钱；powerful 强有力的；motive 动机；initial 首次的；outlay (upon) 花钱购买；hire 雇佣；expense 费用，花费。

14. As the boat slid across the river, Parker watched carelessly as the pursuers closed in around the men he was forced to leave behind.

【翻译演练】 　__________________________

【参考译文】 　在船驶向河对岸的时候，Parker只能无助地看着被迫留下的人惨遭追捕者的包围。

【结构分析】 　As the boat slid across the river , Parker watched carelessly as the pursuers closed in around the men (he was forced to leave behind).此句的主干是Parker watched carelessly，第一个as引导时间状语从句（意为“在……的时候”），第二个as引导原因状语从句，共同修饰谓语动词watched；句末括号中的部分是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰先行词the men。

【词汇精记】 　across 跨过；slide 滑行；careless 粗心的，漫不经心的，出于自然的，无助的；pursuer 追捕者，追猎者；close in around 包围；leave behind 丢下。

15. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.

【翻译演练】 　____________________________

【参考译文】 　那些有关人类生命的主要复杂事实将始终无法理解，除非我们对它的规律和多样性有足够的认识。

【结构分析】 　 Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties , the main complicating facts of human life must remain un intelligible.此句话的主干是not...until结构，出于强调的目的采用了成分前置的形式（时间状语前置），正常的语序形式是：The main complicating facts of human life must remain un intelligible until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties ；画线的介词短语as to...（关于……）是范围状语，修饰系动词。

【词汇精记】 　intelligent 聪明的，此处引申为“理解，明白”；law 规律，法则；variety 多样化；complicating 复杂的；unintelligible 不可理解的。

16. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.

【翻译演练】 　___________________

【参考译文】 　那种思想观念暗示所有的儿童都有受教育的机会，即，在学习中每个儿童都有权利得到帮助来充分发挥他或她的能力，无论其能力大小如何。

【结构分析】 　That concept implies educational opportunity (for all children)//—the right (of each child) (to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great ).此句的主干是第一段，for all children是前面opportunity的后置定语；第二段中的the right是opportunity的同位语，其后面两个括号中的表达是它的后置定语，不定式to receive...后端的画线成分是whether引导的让步状语从句，加强语气； 此处的whether从句中，谓语动词是be，也就是说采用了虚拟语气的形式，相对于陈述语气来讲，这是一种语气更强烈的表达。

【词汇精记】 　concept 概念；imply 暗示；educational opportunity 教育的机会；receive help in 在……方面获得帮助；capacity 能力；to the limits of his or her capacity 达到能力的极限。

17. Except when blindfold, she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin.

【翻译演练】 　______________________________

【参考译文】 　如果不蒙上双眼，她的皮肤就不再具有识别物体的能力。

【结构分析】 　这是一个主从复合句，从句中省略了主语和be动词，补全后应是：Except when ( she was ) blindfold, she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin；一般而言，英语从句的主语若和主句的主语相同，且从句中有be动词，则从句的主语和be动词可同时省略；主句的主语是she，谓语是lacked，宾语是the ability，不定式to...with her skin是ability的定语，with her skin是perceive的方式状语。

【词汇精记】 　blindfold（眼睛被）蒙住的；lack 缺乏；perceive 感知。

18. A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.

【翻译演练】 　__________________________

【参考译文】 　一段漫长而又不费吹灰之力的成功史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但如果处理得当，它也会转化成一股推动力。

【结构分析】 　这是一个主从复合句，条件状语从句中省略了主语和be动词，补全后应是：A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if ( it is ) properly handled, it may become a driving force；一般而言，英语从句的主语若和主句的主语相同，且从句中有be动词，则从句的主语和be动词可同时省略；主句由but连接的两个简单句组成，第一个简单句的主语是A history，介词短语of long and effortless success是其定语，谓语是can be，表语是a dreadful handicap；第二个简单句的主语是it，指代前面的A history of long and effortless success，谓语是may become，表语是a driving force；条件状语从句的主语it也指代前面的A history of long and effortless success。

【词汇精记】 　effortless 不费吹灰之力的；dreadful 可怕的；handicap 障碍，残疾；handle 处理；driving force 推动力。

19. Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance to live long enough.

【翻译演练】 　______________________________

【参考译文】 　我们通常所看到的大多数动物，如果让它们活得足够长久，它们也会像我们一样衰老。

【结构分析】 　这是一个主从复合句，条件状语从句中省略了主语和be动词，补全后应是：Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if ( they are ) given the chance to live long enough；一般而言，英语从句的主语若和主句的主语相同，且从句中有be动词，则从句的主语和be动词可同时省略；主句的主语是Most animals，之后的we commonly observe是其定语从句，谓语是do age，其中do是助动词，表示强调，age是动词，as we do是比较状语从句，do指代前面的age；从句的主语they指代主句的Most animals，不定式to live long enough是chance的定语，enough修饰形容词或副词时要后置。

【词汇精记】 　age 衰老；in fact 实际上。

20. The satisfaction of killing time and of affording some outlet, however modest, for ambition, belongs to most work.

【翻译演练】 　__________________________

【参考译文】 　大多数工作令人满意之处在于：它们都可以消磨时间，都可以或多或少为实现愿望提供机会。

【结构分析】 　The satisfaction (of killing time) and (of affording some outlet, however modest , for ambition), belongs to most work.此句的主语是The satisfaction，谓语是belongs to，宾语是most work；两个括号中的介词短语of killing...和of affording...是并列关系，共同作主语The satisfaction的后置定语；第二个括号中的内容是难点：however modest是让步状语从句的省略，此处是插入形式，修饰前面的affording some outlet，以加强语气；此让步状语从句中省略了主语it（指代outlet）和be动词，补全后应是：however modest ( it is )，它分隔了前面名词outlet和其后置定语for ambition。

【词汇精记】 　satisfaction 满意；kill time 消磨时间；afford 提供；outlet（感情、精力等的）发泄途径；modest 适度的；ambition 雄心，此处可引申为“愿望”。

21. Judges, however wise or eminent, are human and can make mistakes.

【翻译演练】 　__________________________

【参考译文】 　法官无论多么聪明，多么有名，毕竟是人，也会犯错。

【结构分析】 　这是一个主从复合句，让步状语从句省略了主语they和谓语are，补全后应是：Judges, however (they are) wise or eminent , are human and can make mistakes；一般而言，英语从句的主语若和主句的主语相同，且从句中有be动词，则从句的主语和be动词可同时省略。主句的主语是Judges，谓语是are和can make，human和mistakes分别是表语和宾语。

【词汇精记】 　eminent 著名的；human 人类的，人性的。

22. Once found, such knowledge has far more lasting meaning than mere information.

【翻译演练】 　__________________________

【参考译文】 　一旦找到，这种知识的意义就比纯粹的信息持久得多。

【结构分析】 　这是一个主从复合句，时间状语从句中省略了主语和be动词，补全后应是： Once (it is) found ...；一般而言，英语从句的主语若和主句的主语相同，且从句中有be动词，则从句的主语和be动词可同时省略。主句的主语是such knowledge，谓语是has，宾语是meaning，far more lasting是其定语；从句的主语it指代主句的such knowledge。

【词汇精记】 　lasting 持久的；mere 仅仅的。

23. Americans have policies to cover every possible risk, no matter how remote.

【翻译演练】 　_________________________

【参考译文】 　美国人买的保险单涉及所有可能发生的危险，无论发生的可能性是多么小。

【结构分析】 　这是一个主从复合句，让步状语从句中省略了主语和be动词，补全后应是：Americans have policies (to cover every possible risk), no matter how remote (it is )；主句的主语是Americans，谓语是have，宾语是policies，不定式to cover...risk是其后置定语；让步状语从句的主语it指代前面的possible risk。

【词汇精记】 　policy 保险单；risk 风险，危险；remote 遥远的。

24. Parents often feel inadequate when confronted on the one hand with the eager, sensitive mind of a child and on the other with a world of complex physical nature.

【翻译演练】 　_______________________________

【参考译文】 　父母一方面面对着孩子热切敏锐的头脑，另一方面面对着一个物理性质复杂的世界，所以常常感到力不从心。

【结构分析】 　这是一个主从复合句，时间状语从句中出现省略现象，补全后应是：Parents often feel inadequate//when ( they are ) confronted on the one hand with the eager, sensitive mind of a child and on the other with a world of complex physical nature；一般而言，英语从句的主语若和主句的主语相同，且从句中有be动词，则从句的主语和be动词可同时省略；第一段主句的主语是Parents，谓语是feel，表语是inadequate；第二段状语从句中，主语they指代主句的Parents，谓语是are confronted (on the one hand) with and (on the other hand) with，宾语则分别是名词短语the eager，sensitive mind of a child和a world of complex physical nature。

【词汇精记】 　inadequate 不充分的，力不从心的；be confronted with... 面对……；on the one hand...on the other hand 一方面……另一方面；sensitive 敏感的，敏锐的；complex 复杂的；physical 物理的，客观的；nature 特点。

25. But particularly when viewed against America's turbulent past, today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.

【翻译演练】 　____________________________

【参考译文】 　但是与美国动荡的昔日岁月相比，今天的各项社会指标几乎无法表明社会环境的黑暗或日益恶化。

【结构分析】 　But particularly when viewed agains America's turbulent past ,//today's social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.这是一个主从复合句，第一段是when引导的时间状语从句；第二段是主句，主句的主语是today's social indices，谓语是hardly suggest，宾语是a...environment；时间状语从句中省略了主语和be动词，补全后应是：But particularly when ( they are ) viewed against America's turbulent past...，此处的they指代后面的主句主语（today's social indices）；一般而言，英语从句的主语若和主句的主语相同，且从句中有be动词，则从句的主语和be动词可同时省略。

【词汇精记】 　turbulent 动荡的；indices（index的复数）指标，指数；deteriorating 逐渐恶化的；dark 黑暗的。