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并列结构长难句分类解析

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2020年06月21日

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并列结构长难句分类解析

1. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.

【翻译演练】  __________________________________

【参考译文】  有人支持把电脑引进课堂是为了学生的就业前景,还有些人支持把电脑引进课堂是出于根本性的教育改革这些更宽泛的原因,在这两种人中间有一条无形的界限。

【结构分析】  An invisible border divides those (arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects) and those (arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform).此句话的结构主干是:An invisible border divides those...and those...;两个those后面的arguing皆是现在分词短语作后置定语。

【词汇精记】  invisible 看不见的;border 边界,界限;argue for 主张(argue against 反对);on the behalf of 代表,为了;career 事业;prospect 前景,前途;broad 广泛的;radical 根本的,激进的。

2. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

【翻译演练】  _______________________________

【参考译文】  它同样适用于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家,前者把历史仅仅视作是对史料来源的内部和外部的评论,而后者则把历史研究活动等同于具体方法的研究。

【结构分析】  It applies equally to traditional historians (who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources), and to social science historians (who equate their activity with specific techniques).句子主干结构是:It applies equally to..., and to...; traditional historians who view history as...和social science historians who equate...with...是并列结构,指两种历史学家,各有定语从句修饰。

【词汇精记】  apply (to) 适用于;equally 相等地,相同地;traditional historians 传统历史学家;view...as 把……看作是;source 源泉,史料;social science historians 社会科学历史学家;equate...with 把……等同于;specific 具体的;technique 技术(方法);external 外部的;internal 内部的;criticism 批评,评论。

3. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.

【翻译演练】  ____________________________

【参考译文】  Whorf逐渐相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维,语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。

【结构分析】  Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism//(which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind , and that the grammatical patterns (in a language) can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society ) .第一段是主句:主语是Whorf,谓语是came to believe in,宾语是a sort of linguistic determinism;第二段是which引导的一个定语从句,主干结构是:which...states that...and that...;从句中两个逗号中间的in its strongest form是插入语(分隔了从句主语which和从句谓语states——即“主谓分裂”),两个that从句是谓语动词states的两个并列宾语从句;第一个that宾语从句较简单,第二个that宾语从句须重点关注:主语是the grammatical patterns,其后面的in a language是介词短语作其后置定语,谓语动词是can produce,宾语是far-reaching consequences,句末介词短语for...是从句的范围状语,修饰谓语动词can produce,表示其范围。

【词汇精记】  come to do 逐渐……;believe in 相信;a sort of 某种;linguistic 语言的,语言学的;determinism 决定论;in its strongest form 其最强烈/极端形式;imprison the mind 禁锢大脑;grammatical pattern 语法结构/模式;produce far-reaching consequences 带来深远的影响(后果)。

4. Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in very similar latitudes, both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources.

【翻译演练】  _______________________________

【参考译文】  摩洛哥和加利福尼亚是地球上纬度极为接近的两个地点,都位于大陆的西海岸,有着相似的气候,并且很可能还拥有着极为相似的自然资源。

【结构分析】  Morocco and California are bits (of the Earth) (in very similar latitudes),//both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources.此句逗号前面第一段是句子主干,of the Earth和in very similar latitudes作bits的后置定语;第二段的成分是代词加介词短语构成的独立主格结构,作伴随状语:both on...with...and probably with...,三个介词彼此间是并列的关系。

【词汇精记】  Morocco 摩洛哥(濒临地中海的北非国家);California 加利福尼亚(即美国加州);bits of the Earth 地球上的(地)点;latitude 纬度;continent 大陆;climate 气候;natural resources 自然资源。

5. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.

【翻译演练】  __________________________

【参考译文】  届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车违规,监控器就会使其停驶。

【结构分析】  There will be television chat shows (hosted by robots), and cars (with pollution monitors) (that will disable them when they offend).句子主干结构是带并列主语的There be结构:There will be television chat shows ...and cars ...;两个主语都带有后置定语:第一个主语television chat shows的后置定语是过去分词短语hosted by robots,第二个主语cars的后置定语是介词短语with pollution monitors;定语从句that will disable them when they offended修饰的先行词是pollution monitors。

【词汇精记】  chat 聊天;television chat shows 电视谈话节目;host (n.) 东道主,(vt.)主持;robot 机器人;pollution monitor 污染监控器;disable 使残疾,使丧失能力;offend 违规,冒犯。

6. Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.

【翻译演练】  _________________________

【参考译文】  儿童将与装有人性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,经过人性化设置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们休息时不但可以看到电视画面,还能嗅到它们的味道,届时数字化时代就来到了。

【结构分析】  Children will play with dolls (equipped with personality chips),//computers (with in-built personalities) will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,//relaxation will be in front of smell-television,// and digital age will have arrived.本句主干结构是四个并列的简单句:Children will play with dolls..., computers...will be regarded as..., relaxation will be in front of..., and digital age will have arrived;分句一中的宾语dolls带有过去分词短语equipped with personality chips作定语;分句二中的主语computers后面是介词短语with in-built personalities作其后置定语; 此处的personalities根据上下文应理解为personality chips。

【词汇精记】  play with 玩耍;doll 玩具娃娃;be equipped with 装备有;personality 人,人的存在;chip 芯片;in-built personalities 内置的人性化设置;rather than 而不是;relaxation 休闲、放松;smell-television 能给人嗅觉感受的电视机;digital age 数字化时代。

7. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

【翻译演练】  ______________________________

【参考译文】  人们之所以更加关注历史研究的方法论,更多的是因为史学家内部自身的意见不一,而不是因为外界对历史学科正确性的质疑。

【结构分析】  Interest (in historical methods) has arisen less through external challenge (to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline) and more from internal quarrels (among historians themselves).句子主干结构是一个简单句:Interest...has arisen less through...and more from...;并列状语less through...and more from的理解是关键,through和from意思完全相同,均表示原因;challenge后面的不定式短语to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是它的后置定语;internal quarrels后面的介词短语among historians themselves作quarrels的后置定语。

【词汇精记】  interest in 对……的关注(兴趣);historical methods 历史研究方法;arise from 来自于,产生于;a challenge (to) 质疑,挑战;validity 真实性,有效性;intellectual (n.) 知识分子,(a.)知识的;discipline 纪律,学科;an intellectual discipline 一门学科;internal 内部的;quarrel 分歧,争吵。

8. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

【翻译演练】  ____________________________

【参考译文】  最重要的事实是风俗在经验和信仰方面所起的决定性作用以及它所表现出来的极其丰富性。

【结构分析】  The fact (of first-rate importance) is the predominant role (that custom plays in experience and in belief), and the very great varieties (it may manifest).本句的主干是The fact...is the role....and the varieties...,即主语是The fact,谓语是系动词is,表语是两个并列的名词the role和the varieties;此句的复杂性在于主语和两个并列的表语后面皆有后置定语:of first-rate importance是主语the fact的后置定语,that custom plays in experience and in belief是表语role的定语从句( 两个介词短语in experience和in belief亦是并列关系,都作play的范围状语);it may manifest则是省略了关系代词that的定语从句,修饰先行词varieties。

【词汇精记】  first-rate 一流的;predominant 主导的;role 角色,作用;play the predominant role in 在……方面起主导作用;custom 风俗;belief 信仰;variety 多样性;manifest 表现出,展现出。

9. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

【翻译演练】  ____________________________

【参考译文】  行为科学之所以一直发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

【结构分析】  The behavioral sciences have been slow to change// partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.句子的主干是:主句加两个并列的原因状语从句“之所以……,部分是因为……,部分是因为……”。

【词汇精记】  behavioral science(专业术语)行为科学;explanatory 解释性的,用于解释的;item 要素,项目;the explanatory items 用以解释的依据(内容);observe 观察,观测。

10. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.

【翻译演练】  ________________________

【参考译文】  自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

【结构分析】  The role (of natural selection) (in evolution) was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,// and the selective role (of the environment) (in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual) is only beginning to be recognized and studied.句子的主干结构是两个并列句,在第一段中:主语是The role,谓语是was formulated,only a little...age是时间状语,表示谓语动作发生的时间,主语The role后面两个括号中的介词短语是其后置定语;第二段中,分句主语是the selective role,后面两个括号中的介词短语是其后置定语,谓语是is only beginning to be recognized and studied。

【词汇精记】  role 角色,作用;evolution 进化;formulate 阐述,表述,论证;selective 选择性的;shape 形成,塑造;maintain 保持,保养;individual 个人,个体;recognize 认可,承认。

11. They are the possessions of the autonomous man of traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.

【翻译演练】  _________________________

【参考译文】  它们是传统理论定义的自主的个人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

【结构分析】  They are the possessions (of the autonomous man ) (of traditional theory),// and they're essential to practices (in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements).句子主干结构是and连接的两个并列句,第一段的分句是主系表结构,两个括号中的表达是后置定语,修饰各自前面的相关名词;第二段的分句也是主系表结构,to practices是系动词的范围状语,后面括号中是in which引导的定语从句修饰先行词practices;在此定语从句中,主语是a person,谓语是两个并列的动词is held...和given...。

【词汇精记】  possessions 所有物,财产;autonomous 自治的;hold(相当于consider)认为;be held responsible for 被认为对……负责;be essential to 对……是必要的;conduct 行为;credit 荣誉;be given credit for 因为……被认可,被给予肯定/赞誉;achievement 成绩,成就。

12. Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.

【翻译演练】  ___________________________

【参考译文】  再者,显而易见的是,一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高又有赖于各个领域的科学家和技术人员的努力。

【结构分析】  Furthermore it is obvious// that the strength (of a country's economy) is directly bound up with the efficiency (of its agriculture and industry), and that this in turn rests upon the efforts (of scientists and technologists of all kinds).第一段是句子的主干,采用主系表结构,其中it是形式主语,指代两个that引导的名词性从句(真正的主语),此句正常的语序是That...and that...is obvious;在第一个that从句中,主语是the strength,其后的介词短语of...是其后置定语,谓语是固定搭配is directly bound up with,宾语是the efficiency,紧随后面的of...是其后置定语;在第二个that从句中,主语是this(指代前面的宾语中心词efficiency),谓语是rests upon,宾语是the efforts,其后面的括号部分是宾语的后置定语。

【词汇精记】  furthermore 再者,此外;strength 力气,实力;be directly bound up with 与……直接(密切)相关;efficiency 效率;agriculture and industry 工农业;in turn 按顺序,反过来;rest upon 有赖于,取决于;technologist 技术人员。

13. We cannot think outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to, or, to be more accurate, we can think only a very little way outside, and then only if we are very original.

【翻译演练】  ___________________________

【参考译文】  我们不能脱离我们大脑所习惯的模式去思考问题,更确切地讲,我们只能偏离这种模式一点点,即使这样也需要我们有独创的思维。

【结构分析】  We cannot think outside the particular patterns (that our brains are conditioned to),// or , to be more accurate , we can think only a very little way outside , and then only if we are very original .句子的主干是连词or连接的两个并列分句,第一个分句中,画线的outside...短语是方式状语,修饰谓语动词think,括号中是that引导的定语从句修饰先行词patterns;第二个分句中,两个逗号中间斜体的to be more accurate 是插入语,画线的only...短语是方式状语,后面画线的only if...则是与前面方式状语并列的条件状语,共同修饰谓语动词think。

【词汇精记】  particular 具体的,特别的;pattern 模式;be conditioned to 适应,变得习惯;to be more accurate 更确切地讲;original 最初的,独创的,新颖的。

14. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

【翻译演练】   ________________________________

【参考译文】  它从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。

【结构分析】  It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset://it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration (humans extend to other humans), or with no consideration at all. 第一段是句子的主干结构:It是主语,谓语动词是leads,宾语是the discussion,to extremes是程度状语,修饰leads,at the outset则表示谓语的发生时间(即时间状语);第二段是冒号后面部分,对前面信息作进一步解释,其中it是主语,invites是谓语,you是宾语,to think that...则是不定式作宾补,后面画线部分是that引导的名词从句作think的宾语(即宾语从句);在此宾语从句中,either...or...连接并列的介词短语,是表示选择的方式状语,共同修饰谓语动词be treated;最后要关注此从句中的括号部分humans extend to other humans,它是省略了关系代词that的定语从句,修饰先行词the consideration。

【词汇精记】  lead...to extremes 把……引向极端;at the outset 从一开始;invite sb. to do 邀请某人做某事;consideration 考虑,体贴;extend (to) 给予,表达。

15. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

【翻译演练】  _____________________________

【参考译文】  许多美国人随意的友好态度不应被认为是虚伪和做作的,而应被视作是文化传统的历史传承。

【结构分析】  The casual friendliness (of many Americans) should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result (of a historically developed cultural tradition).此句的neither A nor B but C,实质上是not...but...的灵活用法,彼此间都是并列的关系;故此处是neither...nor...but...连接的三个as短语,作并列的主语补足语;本句括号中的部分皆是各自前面相关名词的后置定语。

【词汇精记】  casual 随意的,休闲的;friendliness 友好;interpret 诠释,解读,口译;superficial 肤浅的;artificial 人为的,假的;interpret...as... 将……解读/理解为……。

16. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

【翻译演练】  _______________________

【参考译文】  依赖性最初表现为耐受力的增强,需要越来越多的药品才能达到理想的效果,而一旦停止服用该药品,就会出现不舒服的脱瘾症状。

【结构分析】  Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect , and (is marked此处被省略) then by the appearance (of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms) when the substance is discontinued.此句的主干结构是:Dependence is marked first by...and then by...;两个逗号中间的斜体部分是with sth. done构成的独立主格结构,作谓语动词is marked的伴随状语;后面括号中的of...是介词短语作the appearance的后置定语;句末部分则是when引导的时间状语从句,修饰谓语动词is marked。

【词汇精记】  dependence 依赖性,依靠;be marked by 以……为标记;tolerance 忍耐力;the desired effect 渴望的/理想的效果;unpleasant 不舒服的;withdrawal 撤退;symptom 症状;withdrawal symptom 脱瘾症状;discontinue 中止;substance 物质(此处指药物)。

17. Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

【翻译演练】  __________________________

【参考译文】  在现代条件下,这需要程度不同的中央控制,从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等专业领域科学家的协助。

【结构分析】  Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures (of centralized control) and hence the help (of specialized scientists) (such as economists and operational research experts).句子主干结构是一个带并列宾语的简单句:...this requires varying measures ...and hence the help ...;两个宾语后面各带有of短语作定语;句末的such as...是介词短语作后置定语,修饰其前面的specialized scientists。

【词汇精记】  Under modern conditions 在现代条件下;varying(程度)不同的;measure 措施;centralized control 中央控制,中央调控;hence 因此,从而;specialized 专门的,专业的;operational research expert 运行研究专家,运筹学家。

18. The test of any democratic society lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.

【翻译演练】  _____________________________________

【参考译文】  对任何民主社会的检验不在于它如何有效地控制了言论,而在于它是否在尽可能大的范围内给予了思想和言论的自由,无论会引起多大的争议或多么令人恼火。

【结构分析】  The test (of any democratic society) lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude ,//however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.此句的主干是第一段:The test...lies not in...but in...;括号中的of any democratic society是介词短语,作主语The test的后置定语;画线的how...和whether...都是特殊疑问词引导的名词从句,作各自前面介词in的宾语(即宾语从句);在whether引导的宾语从句中,it是主语,谓语动词是gives,宾语分别是freedom of thought and expression(间接宾语)和the widest possible latitude(直接宾语);第二段是however引导的让步状语从句(相当于no matter how...),加强句子语气。

【词汇精记】  democratic 民主的;test 测试,检测;democratic 民主的;lie in 在于;freedom of thought and expression 思想和言论自由;latitude 纬度,范围;disputable 引起争议的;irritating 令人恼火的。

19. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

【翻译演练】  _____________________________

【参考译文】  当你未来的雇主在与你交谈时,他就在考虑你所受的教育、经验及其他资历是否值得他雇用你,而你的才华和能力也一定要用一种既恰当有序又符合逻辑的方式展现出来。

【结构分析】  While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding (whether your education , your experience , and other qualifications will pay him to employ you)// and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner .此句是由and连接两个分句并列组成的并列句;第一个分句中,while引导的是时间状语从句,主语是your could-be employer,谓语是is deciding,括号中是whether引导的名词性从句中做宾语(即宾语从句);在宾语从句中须注意:从句主语是由三个并列的名词表达组成的(your education , your experience , and other qualifications );第二个分句中,画线的两个并列名词(your "wares" and abilities )是主语,谓语是must be displayed,句末斜体部分则是介词in短语作方式状语,修饰谓语动词must be displayed。

【词汇精记】  while doing... 在做某事期间;could-be 有可能的,未来的;employer 老板;qualification 资格,资历;ware 货物;display 展现;in a...manner 通过……的方式;orderly 有序的;reasonably connected 合理连续的;pay sb. to do 付某人钱去做。

20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

【翻译演练】  ________________________

【参考译文】  通过雇用大批的专业人员,这种变化满足了新时代技术的要求,也防止了生产率的下降,而后者通常会使得许多家族公司在经过第一代精力充沛的创业者之后,在第二代、第三代继承人手里破产。

【结构分析】  The change met the technical requirements (of the new age) by engaging a large professional element // and prevented the decline (in efficiency) (that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders ).此句的主干结构是The change met...and prevented...;第一段中的括号部分of...是the technical requirements的后置定语,画线部分(by+doing结构)作方式状语,修饰谓语动词met;第二段中的两个括号部分都是decline的后置定语,后者是that引导的定语从句,其中的画线部分是时间状语修饰此从句的谓语动词spoiled,表示其发生时间。

【词汇精记】  meet 满足;technical requirement 技术要求;engage 雇佣;professional 专业的,职业的;a large professional element 一个巨大的专业因素,此处引申为“大量的专业人员”;decline 下降,减弱;efficiency 效率;commonly 往往,通常;spoil 破坏,宠坏;fortune 财富;family firm 家族公司;energetic 精力充沛的;founder 建立者(创业者)。

21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

【翻译演练】  ________________________________

【参考译文】  对资本与企业的如此大规模非个人操作大大增加了持股阶级的人数及其地位的重要性。国民生活的这一点代表了不由个人负责的财富出现,这种财富是与土地及土地所有者的责任相分离的,并且几乎在同等程度上也是和商业管理责任相分离的。

【结构分析】  Such large, impersonal manipulation (of capital and industry) greatly increased the numbers and importance (of shareholders) (as a class),//an element (in national life) (representing irresponsible wealth) ( detached from the land and the duties of the landowners); and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.第一段是句子的主干,主语是...manipulation,谓语动词是increased,宾语是the numbers and importance;此段中的of capital and industry是主语manipulation的后置定语,of shareholders是宾语numbers and importance的后置定语,as a class是shareholders的后置定语;在第二段中,an element是前面整个主句内容的同位语,起概括总述的作用;其后括号中的in national life和representing irresponsible wealth是其后置定语,detached from the land and the duties of the landowners是wealth的后置定语;值得关注的是分号后面的almost equally detached from...短语和前面的detached from...是并列的关系,为突出强调用分号隔开。

【词汇精记】  impersonal 非个人的;manipulation 操作;capital 资本;shareholder 股东;element 因素,元素;represent 代表;irresponsible 不负责任的;be detached from 和……相分离的;landowner 土地拥有者;equally 同样地;management 管理,管理方。

22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

【翻译演练】  ___________________________________

【参考译文】  像Bournemouth和Eastbourne这样的城镇纷纷涌现,居住着庞大的享受阶层。他们退休后拿着薪水,除领取红利和偶尔参加股东大会对管理做出决策外他们与社区没有联系。

【结构分析】  Towns (like Bournemouth and Eastbourne) sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes//( who had retired on their incomes), and ( who had no relation to the rest of the community except that) (of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management).第一段是句子的主干:主语是Towns,后面括号中的like短语是towns的后置定语,谓语是sprang up,不定式to house...是目的状语;第二段是由两个who引导的并列定语从句,共同修饰先行词classes;句末括号部分是介词of短语修饰前面的that,在此部分里,drawing...和attending...也是并列关系。

【词汇精记】  spring up 涌现;house (vt.) 提供房屋;“comfortable”classes 安逸阶层;retire on one's incomes 靠自己的收入过着退休生活;have no relation to 和……无关;the rest of... 剩余的;community 社区;draw dividends 领取红利;occasionally 偶尔;attend a shareholders' meeting 出席股东会议;dictate 口授;management 管理,管理方。

23. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

【翻译演练】  _______________________________

【参考译文】  拿薪水的公司执行经理与员工和员工的需求有着更直接的关系,但就对员工的私人熟悉程度而言,即使是他们也几乎不能和当今逐渐消失的世袭制旧家族企业的老板相提并论。

【结构分析】  The paid manager (acting for the company) was in more direct relation with the men and their demands,// but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge (of the workmen) (which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system) (of the old family business ) (now passsing away ).本句整体结构是but连接两个分句组成的并列句,在第一段中,主语是The paid manager,谓语是was in more direct relation with,宾语是men and their demands, acting for the company是主语manager的后置定语;第二段中,主语是he,谓语是had seldom,宾语是that familiar personal knowledge, of the workmen和which...定语从句共同修饰knowledge;句末两个括号中的of the old family business 和now passing away 共同作system的后置定语。

【词汇精记】  the paid manager 拿薪水的经理;act for the company 为公司效劳;be in more direct relation with 和……有着更直接的关系;demand 要求,需求;familiar personal knowledge of 对……个人的熟知;patriarchal 家长的,世袭的;the old family business 旧家族企业;pass away 逝去。

24. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

【翻译演练】  ______________________________

【参考译文】  一些家庭搬离了稳定的社区,离开了多年的朋友以及家庭关系网,日常信息的交流就会中断,随着日常信息交流的中断,人们相信在需要的时候将可得到可信可靠的信息这一信心也会中断。

【结构分析】  As families move away from their stable community , their friends (of many years), their extended family relationships , the informal flow (of information) is cut off,// and with it the confidence (that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable).此句是由and连接两个分句组成的并列句。在第一个分句中,主语是the informal flow,谓语是is cut off,of information是介词短语作主语flow的后置定语;句首As引导时间状语从句,表示谓语动词is cut off发生的时间;在此从句里:主语是families,谓语是move away,from...是地点状语,但最需要关注的是三个画线的名词community,friends和relationships,它们是并列的关系,共同作介词from的宾语;难点在第二段,主语是the confidence,其后的that从句是其同位语从句(里面两个will be是该从句的并列谓语,when needed是第一个will be的时间状语),这一个分句的谓语动词为避免和第一个分句重复(也是is cut off),被省略掉了;with it则是伴随状语,意为“随着”(it指代前面第一个主句内容)。

【词汇精记】  move away from 搬离;stable 稳定的;community 社区;friends of many years 多年的朋友;extend 延伸;family relationships 家庭关系网;informal 非正式的,日常的;flow 流动;cut off 切断;confidence 信心;available 可得到的;trustworthy 可信的;reliable 可靠的。

25. The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed.

【翻译演练】  ___________________________________

【参考译文】  只有在特定的初步建议被接受以后,对风俗的研究才会是有益的,但是这些建议中有一些却一直遭到激烈的反对。

【结构分析】  The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted ,// and some of these propositions have been violently opposed.此句是由and连接两个分句组成的一个并列句。在第一段中,主干结构是简单的主系表结构,only after...则是时间状语从句,修饰谓语动词will be,表示其发生的时间;第二段是and连接的并列分句,但要注意:此处的分句究竟和前面哪部分并列?是和整个第一段复合句并列,还是和第一段的时间状语从句并列?这需要从意义逻辑角度进行分析判断。

【词汇精记】  and此处表示“转折”;the study of custom 对风俗的研究;profitable 有利润的,有益的;certain 特定的;preliminary 初步的;proposition 建议,定理;violently 强烈地,狂暴地;oppose 反对。

26. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

【翻译演练】  _______________________________

【参考译文】  对某些与当前目标无关但将来可能意义重大的研究给予支持,似乎通常能有效地解决这一点。

【结构分析】  This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research ( not related to immediate goals) ( but of possible consequence in the future).本句主干结构是This seems mostly effectively done by...,介词短语by...是句子的方式状语,表示谓语动词发生的方式;research后面的短语related to...和介词短语of...,由not...but...结构连接,是并列的关系,共同作research的后置定语。

【词汇精记】  mostly 主要地,大概,通常;effectively 有效的;a certain 某些;amount 数量;be related to 与……相关;immediate 当前的,附近的;goal 目标;consequence 后果,重要性。

27. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

【翻译演练】  ___________________________

【参考译文】  这些预言在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适当性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

【结构分析】  How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness (of the information) (used) and on the skill and wisdom (with which it is interpreted).句子主干结构是:How引导名词从句作主语(即主语从句),句子谓语是depends upon...and on...,斜体部分the amount,reliability,and appropriateness 是upon的三个并列宾语,其后面两个括号中的部分是各自前面相关名词的后置定语;the skill and wisdom则是on的宾语,其后面的with which it is interpreted是定语从句,对其进行修饰; 从句中代词it指代the information。

【词汇精记】  prediction 预言;performance 表演,表现;validate 使有法律效力,使有效;be validated by 为……所证实;depend upon 取决于;reliability 可靠性;appropriateness 适当性;wisdom 智慧;interpret 解释,诠释,口译。

28. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.

【翻译演练】  _________________________________

【参考译文】  你们都已多次听说过,科学工作者是用归纳和演绎的方法来工作的;借助于这些方法,他们在某种意义上设法从自然界中提炼出了特定的规律;然后依据这些规律,通过自己某种专门的技能,他们建立了自己的理论。

【结构分析】  You have all heard it repeated// that men (of science) work by means of induction and deduction ,// that by the help of these operations , they, in a sort of sense , manage to extract (from Nature) certain natural laws,// and that out of these , by some special skill of their own , they build up their theories.此句的主干是You have all heard it repeated that..., that..., and that...;it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是三个并列的that从句;repeated是it的宾语补足语;第二段中的画线部分(by means of...)是work的方式状语;第三段中两个画线部分分别是方式状语和插入语;最后一段的两个画线部分都是方式状语; 在第二段中,extract和其宾语certain natural laws被状语from Nature分隔(因宾语较长,被后置)。

【词汇精记】  man of science 科学工作者;by means of 通过……(方式);induction 归纳法;deduction 演绎法;by/with the help of 在……的帮助下;operation 操作,实践;in a sort of sense 在某种意义上;manage to do 设法做某事;extract 拔出;extract sth. from 从……中提炼出;certain 特定的;natural laws 自然规律;out of these 基于这些,根据这些;by some special skill of their own 通过自己的某种专门技能;build up one's theories 建立自己的理论。

29. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

【翻译演练】  ________________________

【参考译文】  整体而言,可以比较有把握地得出这样一个结论;但须满足两个条件:第一,可以假定该孩子和与之相比的孩子对待测试有着一样的态度;第二,他不会因为缺乏其他孩子所拥有的相关信息而受到责备。

【结构分析】  On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence ,// but only if the child can be assumed to have the same attitude towards the test as the others (with whom he is being compared),// and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information (which they possessed).此句是由并列连词but连接的一个并列句,为避免重复,but后省略了与前面相同的主谓形式(即省略了such a conclusion can be drawn...);第一段中On the whole是评论性状语,with a certain degree...是程度状语;第二段和第三段是并列的两个条件状语从句:其中第二段里的比较结构the same...as...和with whom引导的定语从句值得关注(之所以用with,是因为有固定搭配be compared with);第三段中画线的by...短语是原因状语,括号里是which引导的定语从句,修饰先行词information。

【词汇精记】  on the whole 整体而言;draw a conclusion 得出一个结论;a certain 特定的;with a certain degree of confidence 有一定的信心;assume 假设,认为;attitude towards 对待……的态度;be compared with 与……相比较;lack 缺乏;relevant 相关的;possess 拥有。

30. Notices forbidding the open-air drying of clothes, or the use of water points for car washing, or those inviting our camping friends to a dance or a boat trip are printed not only in French or Italian or Spanish, but also in English, German and Dutch.

【翻译演练】  ____________________________

【参考译文】  禁止露天晾晒衣物以及使用水源冲洗汽车的布告,和邀请露营朋友参加舞会、乘船观光的招贴不仅印成了法语、意大利语、西班牙语,而且也印成了英语、德语和荷兰语。

【结构分析】   Notices (forbidding the open-air drying (of clothes), or the use (of water points) (for car washing), or those (inviting our camping friends to a dance or a boat trip ) are printed not only in French or Italian or Spanish, but also in English, German and Dutch.此句的整体结构是:Notices...or those...are printed not only in...but also in...,Notices 和those是or连接的并列主语,谓语动词是are printed,not only in...but also in是并列的方式状语,表示谓语动词printed的方式;Notices和those后各接了一个现在分词短语作后置定语:在forbidding短语里,画线的the open-air drying和the use由or连接,作forbidding的并列宾语,它们后面的成分是介词短语of...作它们的后置定语;在inviting短语里,a dance和a boat trip也是并列关系,作介词to的宾语。

【词汇精记】  notice 告示;forbid 禁止;open-air 露天的;dry (adj. ) 干的,(vt.)烘干;the open-air drying of clothes 露天晾晒衣物;water point 取水处,水源地;car washing 洗车;camping 野营,露营;a boat trip 乘船观光;Spanish 西班牙语;Dutch 荷兰语。

31. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.

【翻译演练】  _______________________

【参考译文】  近来,基于对哭泣行为、哭泣与疾病的关系以及泪水的化学成分所进行的研究,人们得出结论认为:那两种对泪水的反应往往都是不恰当的,甚至有可能带来副作用。

【结构分析】  But judging from recent studies (of crying behavior , links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears ),//both those responses (to tears) are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.此句的主干结构是Judging from recent studies of A, B and C, both those responses...are...and may even be...;此句的主语是both those responses,谓语是并列的系动词are和may even be,表语分别是inappropriate和counterproductive;句首的Judging from...是独立主格结构的省略形式,因其动作发出者是不言自明的“人们(people)”,故被省略掉;此句最值得关注的是第一段里括号中的crying behavior,links...and...chemical composition...的并列,很多同学会把并列对象搞错,所以要注意从逻辑和句式结构双重角度进行分析判断。

【词汇精记】  judge from 根据……判断;links between A and B AB之间的联系;the chemical composition 化学成分;response to 对……的反应;inappropriate 不恰当的;counterproductive 反作用的,副作用的。

32. Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds.

【翻译演练】  _________________________

【参考译文】  一项政策或行动带来的许多潜在可能、结果、负面影响和可怕后果,几乎没有人能在几秒钟之内完全考虑到,无论他是多么聪明和有经验。

【结构分析】  Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced , can take inventory of the many branching possibilities , possible outcomes , side effects, and undesired consequences (of a policy or a course of action) in a matter of seconds .此句的主语是Very few people,谓语是can take inventory of,宾语是并列的possibilities、outcomes、effects和consequences,它们后面的介词短语of...是其后置定语;句末画线部分in a matter of seconds是时间状语,表示谓语动词can take...发生的时间,而句中画线部分则是no matter引导的让步状语从句,加强句子语气,被置于句中分隔了主语和谓语的关系。

【词汇精记】  intelligent 聪明的;experienced 有经验的;take inventory of 编制……的清单,引申为“完全考虑到”;branching possibilities 各种潜在的可能;outcome 结果;side effect 负面影响;undesired consequence 不理想的后果;policy 政策;a course of action 一项行动;in a matter of seconds 在数秒之内。

33. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

【翻译演练】  _________________________

【参考译文】  所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念,还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段,人们对此意见不一。

【结构分析】  There is no agreement//whether methodology refers to the concepts (peculiar to historical work in general) or to the research techniques (appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry).句子主干结构是第一段的There be结构:There is no agreement;whether methodology refers to...or to...是there be结构的范围状语,其前面省略了as to“关于”;其中,the concepts后面是形容词短语peculiar to...作其后置定语;the research techniques后面同样是形容词短语appropriate to...作其后置定语。

【词汇精记】  agreement 一致;concept 概念;peculiar to 为……所特有的;in general 一般而言;the research techniques 研究技巧;appropriate to 适用于,适合于;various 各个的;branch 树枝,分支,领域;inquiry 问询,调查;historical inquiry 历史探究。

34. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.

【翻译演练】  _______________________________

【参考译文】  一般来讲,当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时,测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。

【结构分析】  In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities (to be measured) can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined .本句主干结构是:The tests work most effectively when...and least effectively when...;画线的部分是两个时间状语从句,表示不同的两种情况;第一个when从句中,括号里的to be measured是从句主语the qualities的后置定语;第二个when从句中,斜体表达what is to be measured or predicted 是名词性从句,作该从句的主语(即主语从句)。

【词汇精记】  In general 一般来讲;test 测试,测验;work 起作用;effectively 有效地;precisely 精确地;define 下定义,界定;measure 测量。

35. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

【翻译演练】  ________________________

【参考译文】  读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。

【结构分析】  这是一个并列型省略句,省略了谓语动词serve。补全后应是Studies serve for delight, ( serve ) for ornament, and ( serve ) for ability;句子主语是Studies,并列的介词短语for delight, for ornament, and for ability是目的状语。

【词汇精记】  study 读书,学习;delight 快乐;ornament 装饰。

36. Some books are to be read in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.

【翻译演练】  __________________________

【参考译文】  有些书只可读其部分;有些书不须细读;有些书则要通读,且须专注用心。

【结构分析】  这是一个并列型省略句,主要省略了谓语动词are,还有其他省略,补全后应是Some books are to be read in parts; others ( are ) to be read, but ( are ) not ( to be ) curiously; and some few ( are ) to be read wholly, and ( are to be read ) with diligence and attention; in parts, not curiously和with diligence and attention均作谓语read的状语。

【词汇精记】  curiously 极其细致地;wholly 完整地;diligence 勤奋。

37. It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.

【翻译演练】  _____________________

【参考译文】  据说死亡在英国是迫在眉睫的,在加拿大是不可避免的,而在加利福尼亚却是可以选择的。

【结构分析】  这是一个并列型省略句,省略了主语death和谓语is,补全后应是It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada ( death is ) inevitable and in California ( death is ) optional;句子的主语指代后面的that从句,从句的主语是death,谓语是is,表语分别是pressing, inevitable, optional,介词短语in England, in Canada, in California分别作地点状语。

【词汇精记】  It is said that... 据说……;pressing 迫在眉睫的;inevitable 不可避免的;optional 可选择的。

38. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.

【翻译演练】  ________________________

【参考译文】  作为一个民族,我们在寻求无效的治疗方法上花钱太多,而在改善人们生活质量的普通治疗方面花钱又太少。

【结构分析】  这是一个由while连接的并列句,while之后的分句省略了主语和be动词(为了避免和前面分句表达上的重复),补全后应是:...while ( we may be ) underfunding research (on humbler therapies) (that could improve people's lives);第一个并列分句中,As a nation是范围状语,主语是we,谓语是may be overfunding,宾语是the quest,介词短语for unlikely cures是quest的后置定语,其中的unlikely是形容词;第二个并列分句中,主语也是we,谓语是may be underfunding,宾语是research,介词短语on humbler therapies是research的后置定语,之后的that从句则是therapies的定语从句。

【词汇精记】  overfund 投资过多;quest 要求;unlikely 不可能的;cure 治疗术;underfund 投资不足;humbler(源自humble)更低级的,更普通的;therapy 治疗术。

39. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators; and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests.

【翻译演练】  ___________________________

【参考译文】  但是,问题的关键不是运动员的行为,而是观众的态度,以及观众身后各个国家的态度,这些国家对于这些荒唐的比赛恼火不已。

【结构分析】  这个句子在and之后出现了省略现象,补全后应是:But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators; and , behind the spectators, ( the attitude ) of the nations (who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests);此句的主语是the significant thing,谓语是is,表语是not...but...and...连接的三个并列名词短语,即not the behaviour...but the attitude...and (the attitude)...;两个逗号之间的介词短语behind the spectators是插入语,the nations之后的who从句是其定语从句;该定语从句中,主语是关系代词who,谓语是work,宾语是themselves,介词短语into furies是宾语补足语,而介词短语over these absurd contests则是范围状语(表示谓语动词work的发生范围)。

【词汇精记】  significant 重要的,关键的;spectator 观众;fury (over) (对……)暴怒;work oneself into... 使自己进入……状态;absurd 荒唐的;contest 比赛,竞赛。

40. In their hearts, women think it is men's business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their husband's life, but, at any rate, after his death.

【翻译演练】  ___________________

【参考译文】  女人们从内心里认为挣钱是男人的事,她们只管花——如果可能的话,丈夫在世时花;不行的话,丈夫去世后再花。

【结构分析】  这个句子多处出现省略,补全后应是:In their hearts, women think it is men's business to earn money and ( it is ) theirs to spend it —//if ( it is ) possible ( they will spend it ) during their husband's life, but, at any rate, ( they will spend it ) after his death;破折号之前的第一段是一个主从复合句,主句的主语是women,谓语是think,画线表达是宾语,它是并列连词and连接的两个并列名词从句(省略了连接词that);第一个并列从句的主语it指代后面的不定式to earn money,第二个并列从句的主语it指代后面的不定式to spend it;破折号之后的第二段也是一个主从复合句,if从句的主语it指代后面主句内容,主句是由but连接的两个并列句,主体是两个括号中的黑体内容,表示两种完全不同的情况;两个逗号中间的部分at any rate是插入语,表示语气的强调。

【词汇精记】  In their hearts 在他们心中;business 事情;earn money 赚钱;at any rate 无论如何。

41. Teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort.

【翻译演练】  ___________________

【参考译文】  教师靠出售知识谋生,哲学家靠出售智慧谋生,而牧师靠出售精神安慰谋生。

【结构分析】  这是一个并列型省略句,省略了谓语动词live,补全后应是:Teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers ( live ) by selling wisdom and priests ( live ) by selling spiritual comfort;三个介词短语by selling knowledge, by selling wisdom和by selling spiritual comfort均作谓语live的方式状语。

【词汇精记】  live by... 靠……生存;philosopher 哲学家;wisdom 智慧;priest 牧师;spiritual 精神的;comfort 安慰。


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