分裂结构长难句分类解析
分裂结构长难句分类解析
1. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
【翻译演练】 _____________________________
【参考译文】 尽管警示通常是正确的和必要的（例如药品副作用的危险性警示），并且许多警示亦是按照州或联邦的法律制定的，然而一旦顾客受伤，这些警示实际上能否让生产销售商免责却并不明确。
【结构分析】 While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —( the dangers of drug interactions, for example )—and many are required by state or federal regulations ,//it isn't clear (that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured) .此句中，第一段是while（尽管）引导的让步状语从句，此从句是一个由and连接的两个分句组成的并列句，被双破折号中间的举例插入语隔开，这是本句的学习重点；第二段是句子的主干，即it isn't clear that...才是主句，此部分中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的名词从句（即主语从句）；此主语从句中，主语是they，谓语是protect，宾语是the manufacturers and sellers, from liability是宾语补足语，最后画线成分是if引导的条件状语从句，修饰此从句的谓语动词protect，表示其发生的条件。
【词汇精记】 warning 警示，警告；appropriate 适当的；drug 药物；interaction 相互作用；state 州；federal 联邦的；regulation 法律，法规；protect sb. from sth. 保护某人免受；manufacture 生产厂家；seller 销售商；liability 责任；customer 顾客；injure 伤害。
2. Granted, a snobbery of camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists; but it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with.
【翻译演练】 ____________________________
【参考译文】 诚然，基于装备和技术的不同，野营的势利行为业已存在；但它却是一种一旦遇到，野营者即能理解并从容应对的行为。
【结构分析】 Granted, a snobbery (of camping itself), ( based upon equipment and techniques ), already exists;//but it is of a kind (that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with).此句的整体结构是Granted...but.... “诚然……但是……”；在第一段中，主语是a snobbery, of camping itself是其后置定语，谓语动词是already exists，双逗号中间的based upon...是过去分词短语作非限制性定语，相当于非限制性定语从句which is based upon...的省略，对前面的主语snobbery进行补充说明，重点注意主语a snobbery和谓语already exists的分裂；第二段中，主语是it，谓语是系动词is，表语是介词短语of a kind，后面括号中是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词kind；此定语从句是一个复合句，if he meets it是条件状语从句，表示后面主干内容he can readily understand and deal with发生的条件，if从句前后各有一逗号，使得此定语从句的结构很清晰，让读者一目了然。
【词汇精记】 granted 诚然；snobbery 势利行为；camping 野营，露营；be based upon 建立在……的基础上；equipment 装备；technique 技术；deal with 应付，处理。
3. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.
【翻译演练】 ______________________________
【参考译文】 一切的目的就是试图向困惑并且通常愚昧的人们解释清楚，对于宇宙和生命的起源进化而言是不存在两种等效的科学理论的。
【结构分析】 The goal (of all) will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories (for the origin and evolution of universe and life).此句的主干是：The goal...will be to try to explain sth. to sb. ，因为此句中的宾语sth.较长，被改写为：The goal...will be to try to explain to sb. sth. ,重点关注动词explain和宾语sth.的分裂；具体而言，The goal是主语，of all是其后置定语，谓语动词是will be，不定式短语to try to...是表语，that引导名词从句作explain的宾语（即宾语从句）；画线黑体部分to a...citizenry是范围状语，它分隔开了动词explain和宾语that从句；句末括号中是介词for短语作前面名词theories的后置定语。
【词汇精记】 goal 目标，目的；confused 迷惑不解的；unenlightened 愚昧的，无知的；citizenry 公民；equally 等同地，一样地；valid 有效的；origin 起源，出处；evolution 进化；universe 宇宙。
4. I am sure that, without modern weapons, I would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear, and in this I do not think that I stand alone.
【翻译演练】 ______________________________________
【参考译文】 我确信，在与一头熊争夺一个山洞的所有权时，如果没有现代武器，我将会洋相尽出；而在这一方面，我相信，并非我一人如此。
【结构分析】 I am sure that, without modern weapons , I would make a very poor show (of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear),//and in this I do not think that I stand alone.此句的整体结构是由and连接两个分句组成的一个并列句；第一段中，主语是I，谓语是系动词am，表语是sure，后面是that引导的名词从句，作be sure的宾语（即宾语从句）；在that宾语从句中，画线黑体部分是介词短语作that从句中的条件状语，因置于that从句首部，分隔了连词that和从句的主干，故前后用逗号隔开，以让读者一目了然；宾语从句主干中，主语是I，谓语是would make，宾语是a very poor show，紧随其后括号中的介词of短语是后置定语，修饰前面的show；第二段中，主语是I，谓语是do not think，宾语是that引导的名词从句（即宾语从句），in this则是范围状语，修饰谓语动词think，表示其发生的范围。
【词汇精记】 be sure that... 确信；weapon 武器；make a very poor show of 在……方面表现拙劣；dispute (vi.) 争论，(vt.) 争夺；ownership 所有权；stand alone 孑身一人。
5. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays, when they come, are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.
【翻译演练】 _______________________________
【参考译文】 每一天都是节假日，而当通常的节假日来临时，他们却抱怨这些节假日打断了他们埋头从事的职业。
【结构分析】 Each day is a holiday,//and ordinary holidays, ( when they come ), are grudged as enforced interruptions (in an absorbing vocation).此句的整体结构是and连接两个分句组成的一个并列句；第一段是简单的主系表结构；第二段中，主语是ordinary holidays，谓语是are grudged，后面画线的介词短语as...则是方式状语，修饰谓语动词，表示其发生的方式；双逗号中间的括号黑体部分是状语从句，它分隔了主语holidays和谓语are grudged的主谓关系，是此句的关注重点；句末括号中的介词in短语是后置定语，修饰前面的interruptions。
【词汇精记】 grudge 抱怨，怨恨；enforce 强迫，强行实施；interruption (in) 打断；absorbing 吸引人的，引人入胜的；vocation 职业。
6. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.
【翻译演练】 ___________________________
【参考译文】 在办公室或工厂里长时间工作的回报不仅仅是带来了谋生手段，而且还带来了寻找乐趣的强烈渴望，哪怕是最简单最原始的乐趣。
【结构分析】 The long hours (in the office or the factory) bring with them as their reward , not only the means (of sustenance), but a keen appetite (for pleasure) (even in its simplest and most modest forms).此句的正常语序是：The long hours...bring (not only the means..., but a keen appetite...) with them as their reward，即主语是The long hours，谓语是bring，宾语是(not only the means..., but a keen appetite...)，介词短语with them和as their reward分别作伴随和方式状语；但因宾语太长，故被后置，将伴随状语with them和方式状语as their reward提前，所以此句关注的重点是动词bring和宾语the means, appetite的分隔；本句括号中的部分皆是前面相关名词的后置定语：in the office or the factory是主语hours的后置定语，介词短语of sustenance则是宾语means的后置定语，for pleasure是宾语appetite的后置定语，even in its...则是pleasure的后置定语。
【词汇精记】 reward 回报；means 方式，手段；sustenance 支撑力，营养品，此处引申为“生计”；keen 强烈的；appetite (for) 胃口，渴望；in a...form 以……方式；modest 谦虚的，质朴的，适中的。
7. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon.
【翻译演练】 ______________________________
【参考译文】 对于流汗出力辛劳了一周的体力劳动者而言，让他们在周末的下午再踢场足球或打棒球是不合适的。
【结构分析】 It is no use//offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort , the chance (of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon).此句的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动名词短语offering...（也可理解为It is no use doing句型）；画线黑体部分是非限制性定语，相当于非限制性定语从句who is tired out...的省略，它分隔了固定搭配offering sb...sth.，即分隔了双宾语manual laborer和the chance；句末括号中的of短语是前面the chance的后置定语。
【词汇精记】 It is no use doing 做某事是没用的；manual 手工的，体力的；laborer 劳动者（尤指体力劳动者）；tired out 筋疲力尽的；hard 辛苦的，艰辛的；sweat 汗水；effort 努力；baseball 棒球。
8. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
【翻译演练】 ________________________________
【参考译文】 强调搜集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用的跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
【结构分析】 The emphasis (on data) (gathered first-hand), ( combined with a cross cultural perspective ) (brought to the analysis of cultures past and present ), makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.本句是一个简单句，主干是The emphasis...(combined with...) makes this study a...social science；即主语是The emphasis，谓语是makes，宾语是this study, a...social science则是名词短语作宾语补足语（make sb. sth.）；括号中的成分皆是前面相关名词的后置定语：介词短语on data是主语emphasis的后置定语，过去分词短语gathered first-hand是前面data的后置定语，黑体combined with...可以理解为非限制性定语，即非限制性定语从句which is combined...的省略；紧随其后的过去分词短语brought to...则是前面perspective的后置定语，其中的斜体表达past and present是前面cultures的后置定语。
【词汇精记】 emphasis on 对……的强调；data 数据；gather 搜集，聚集；first-hand 第一手的（地）；combined with（相当于together with或along with）加上，以及，和；cross-cultural 跨文化的；perspective 视角；analysis 分析；unique 唯一的，独一无二的；distinctly 显著地，不同地。
9. Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
【翻译演练】 __________________________
【参考译文】 因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
【结构分析】 Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics , is an abstract concept (which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding).句子主干结构是：主语＋插入结构＋系表结构＋which引导的定语从句。具体而言，主语是the anthropological concept of "culture"，谓语是系动词is，表语是名词短语an abstract concept，双逗号中间的成分是介词短语like...作比较状语（插入句中，分隔了主语和谓语之间的关系），句末括号中的成分是关系代词which引导的定语从句；此处的which定语从句是关注的另一重点：从句主语是关系代词which，谓语是makes，宾语是immense amounts of concrete research and understanding，形容词possible是宾补（make sth adj.）；但此宾语补足语被前置到了宾语前面，分隔了从句谓语动词makes和其宾语的关系（因宾语太长之故）；故本句的重点有两个：like短语导致的分隔和形容词possible导致的分隔。
【词汇精记】 anthropological 人类学的；anthropology 人类学；concept 概念；set（一）系列，套，集（数学概念）；mathematics 数学；abstract 抽象的；immense 巨大的；immense amounts of 大量的；concrete 具体的。
10. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.
【翻译演练】 _____________________________
【参考译文】 周末让为正经事操劳了六天的政界人物、专业人员和商务人士再去为琐事而操劳是无益的。
【结构分析】 It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, ( who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days ), to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.此句的it是形式主语，真正的主语是inviting...（也可理解为It is no use doing句型）；黑体部分是非限制性定语从句，它分隔了inviting sb....to do sth.即分隔了宾语the politician or the professional or business man（相当于sb.）和宾语补足语to work or worry...（相当于to do sth.）。
【词汇精记】 politician 政治人物；professional (adj.) 专业的，(n.) 专业人员；business man 商界人士；serious things 正经事；trifling things 琐事。
11. We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start.
【翻译演练】 ______________________________
【参考译文】 根据那些一直从事生命起源研究的人所做的工作我们一定可得出结论：倘若有一个和我们地球相似的星球，几乎可以肯定生命会出现。
【结构分析】 We must conclude from the work (of those) (who have studied the origin of life), that given a planet (only approximately like our own ), life is almost certain to start .此句的主语是We，谓语是must conclude，宾语是句末的斜体表达（that引导的名词从句作谓语动词的宾语，即宾语从句），中间画线的黑体表达是介词短语from...作状语，它在形式上分隔了谓语动词conclude和宾语从句的关系；括号中的of those是介词短语作前面the work的后置定语，紧随其后的是who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词those；在that引导的宾语从句中，逗号后面的life is...是主干，画线部位given a planet是条件状语，表示主干内容发生的条件，其后面括号中的表达是介词短语like...作后置定语，修饰前面的a planet（其中的only approximately修饰like，表示程度）。
【词汇精记】 conclude that...from... 从……得出结论；origin 起源，出处；the origin of life 生命的起源；given 倘若有；planet 行星；approximately 大约；be certain to do 肯定，注定。
12. I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us.
【翻译演练】 ___________________________
【参考译文】 向现代世界灌输一种完全可以摧毁人类的思想是可能的事，对此我并不怀疑。
【结构分析】 I do not doubt//that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world (that would utterly destroy us).句子主干是第一段：主语是I，谓语是do not doubt，紧随其后的是that引导的名词从句，作谓语动词doubt的宾语（即宾语从句）；在第二段that引导的宾语从句中，it是形式主语，不定式to inject ideas...是真正的主语，would be是谓语，possible是表语；但值得关注的是黑体画线部分，它是介词短语into...作地点状语，它分隔了名词ideas和其定语从句（句末括号成分that...）之间的关系，因为按正常语序ideas＋that...太长，结构会出现头重脚轻，故将定语从句后置。
【词汇精记】 inject 注射；utterly 完全地，彻底地；destroy 摧毁，毁灭。
13. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for the law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
【翻译演练】 ___________________________
【参考译文】 同时，由权威的法官、律师和学者们组成的美国法律协会颁布了新的法律指导方针，它声明对于显而易见的危险，公司不必警示顾客或用一长串可能发生的危险来恐吓他们。
【结构分析】 At the same time, the American Law Institute— a group of judges, lawyers, and academics (whose recommendations carry substantial weight)—issued new guidelines (for the law) (stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones).句子的主干是the American Law Institute...issued new guidelines...；双破折号中间的黑体部分是前面主语institute的同位语，其后面括号中的表达是whose引导的定语从句，它们一起分隔了主语Institute和谓语issued之间的关系；for the law和stating that...共同作前面宾语guidelines的后置定语； 在（stating that...）中，that引导名词从句作stating的宾语（即宾语从句）；此宾语从句的主语是companies，谓语是need not warn...or bombard（即or连接的并列谓语）。
【词汇精记】 institute 协会，机构；academic 专业人士；recommendation 建议，推荐；carry weight 有分量；substantial 大的，相当可观的；issue 颁布，发行；guideline 指导方针；state 阐述；warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事；bombard 炮轰，困扰；lengthy 长的；a lengthy list of 长长的一系列。
14. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
【翻译演练】 _______________________
【参考译文】 他宣布反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧业技术克隆人类，并明令禁止使用联邦基金进行这类研究（尽管无人提议这样做），此外，他还要求成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro领导的专家小组，在90天内呈交一份关于克隆人国策建议的报告。
【结构分析】 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans,//he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment— although no one had proposed to do so //—and asked an independent panel of experts (chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro) report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.此句的主干结构为：Declaring..., he ordered that...and asked (that)...“他宣布……，还命令……，此外还要求……”；即主语是he，谓语是and连接的并列动词ordered和asked，句首是现在分词短语作伴随状语，亦属于主语he发出的动作行为；第一段中，declaring后面是that引导的名词从句，作declaring的宾语（即宾语从句）；第二段中，主语是he，谓语是ordered，宾语是that引导的名词从句（即宾语从句）； 此从句因为是ordered（表示“命令”、“建议”）的宾语，必须用虚拟语气(should) do的形式，所以此从句中：主语是federal funds，谓语是(should) not be used；此段后面双破折号中间的黑体表达是让步状语从句插入，属典型的插入语；第三段是并列谓语动词asked＋that从句，连接词that出于避免重复的目的（前面有ordered that）被省略掉；此从句因为是asked的宾语，故也应该用虚拟语气(should) do的形式，所以在此从句中：主语是an...experts，谓语是(should) report back to...，后面的介词短语to..., in...和with...分别作地点、时间和伴随状语，修饰此段的谓语动词report。
【词汇精记】 be opposed to 反对；unusual 非同寻常的；husbandry 耕作，饲养；animal husbandry 畜牧；clone 克隆；federal 联邦的；panel 小组；chair(vt.) 主持；Princeton 普林斯顿（大学校名）；president （大学）校长，总裁，主席，总统；the White House 白宫；recommendation 建议，推荐；policy 政策；a national policy on 一项有关……的国策；cloning 克隆；human cloning 克隆人。
15. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.
【翻译演练】 ___________________________
【参考译文】 七个工业大国经济的平均通胀率去年降到了2.3％，接近30年来的最低水平，直到今年七月才微增至2.5％。
【结构分析】 Average inflation (in the big seven industrial economies) fell to a mere 2.3% last year , (close to its lowest level in 30 years), before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.此句的主语是Average inflation，其后的in...短语是其后置定语，谓语动词是fell, to a mere 2.3%是fell的程度状语，last year是fell的时间状语，最后面的before...短语也是时间状语； 括号中的形容词短语close to...作非限制性定语，相当于which was close to...的省略，修饰2.3％，因其太长，出于句子结构平衡的考虑，被后置，也就出现了分隔的情形。
【词汇精记】 average 平均的；inflation 通货膨胀；the big seven industrial economies 七个工业大国；fall to 下降到；a mere 仅仅；close to 接近；slightly 轻微的；rise slightly to 微增到。
16. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewers—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
【翻译演练】 ___________________________
【参考译文】 这场讨论由政府发起，它邀请每个对BBC持有看法的人，包括普通听众和观众，来评价该公司的优缺点，甚至于他们认为它是否值得办下去。
【结构分析】 The debate was launched by the Government,//which invited anyone (with an opinion of the BBC)—( including ordinary listeners and viewers )—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation , and even whether they thought it was worth keeping .此句的主干结构是第一段，第二段是which引导的非限制性定语从句；在从句中，关系代词which作主语，invited作谓语，anyone作宾语，不定式to say...作宾补，其后的画线成分（what...and whether...）是say的并列宾语从句；此外，anyone后面的with短语是anyone的后置定语； 双破折号中间的including短语是非限制性定语作插入语，修饰anyone，对其进行补充说明，在形式上分隔了宾语anyone和宾补to say这一复合宾语的搭配关系（invite sb. to do sth.）。
【词汇精记】 debate 讨论；launch 发起，发射；invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事；with an opinion of 对……有见解（看法）；listeners and viewers 听众和观众；be worth doing 值得做某事。
17. When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking—interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation.
【翻译演练】 __________________________
【参考译文】 当所有这些塑造力——包括学校、开放的态度、奖励机制和空间思维能力——在富饶的美国大陆上相互交汇的时候，就形成了美国的个性，即竞争。
【结构分析】 When all these shaping forces— schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking —interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland,//they produced that American characteristic, emulation .此句的主干结构是：when...forces interacted with one another..., they produced...，即时间状语从句＋主句；在第一段when引导的时间状语从句中，双破折号中间的黑体表达是典型的举例插入语，它分隔了从句主语forces和从句谓语动词interacted之间的关系；第二段是主句，句末的画线部分emulation是前面名词characteristic的同位语，对其进行内容解释。
【词汇精记】 shaping force 塑造力；open attitude 开放的态度；premium 保险费，奖金；the premium system 奖励机制；a genius for （某）方面的天才；spatial 空间的（space）；spatial thinking 空间思维；interact with 相互作用；mainland 大陆；characteristic 特征；emulation 竞争。
18. A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.
【翻译演练】 ____________________________
【参考译文】 年轻人看到日落的时候，因为不能理解，也不能表达出它在内心所激发出的情感，所以得出结论认为它一定是通往天外世界的大门。
【结构分析】 A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion (it rouses in him), concludes that it must be the gateway (to a world) (that lies beyond).此句的主干结构是：A young man sees a sunset and,...concludes that...，即主语是A young man，谓语是并列连词and连接的两个并列动词sees和concludes，后者后面又跟了that引导的宾语从句（画线成分），其中的括号部分作后置定语成分，分别修饰其前面的相应名词； 黑体unable...是形容词短语作原因状语修饰concludes，紧随其后的括号it rouses in him是emotion的定语从句，省略了关系代词that，故从形式上看，这一黑体部分＋定语从句分隔了两个并列谓语的关系。
【词汇精记】 sunset 落日；emotion 情感；rouse 引起，激起；conclude that... 得出结论认为；the gateway to 通向……的大门；lie 位于，躺；beyond (adv . & prep .) 在……的那一边（更远处）。
19. Make sure you include in the examination paper whatever questions they didn't know the answers to last time.
【翻译演练】 ____________________________
【参考译文】 务必确保上次他们不知答案的所有问题出现在此次试卷上。
【结构分析】 Make sure you include ( in the examination paper ) whatever questions they didn't know the answers to last time .此句是祈使句（动词开头），make sure后面省略了宾语从句的连接词that；在宾语从句中you是主语，include是谓语，画线的whatever...部分是whatever引导的名词从句，作前面动词include的宾语（即宾语从句），因为太长，故被后置，使得in the examination paper这一地点状语在形式上分隔了谓语include和宾语whatever。
【词汇精记】 make sure that... 确保；the examination paper 试卷；whatever questions 相当于 any questions that...; the answer to （……的）答案。
20. The sense is growing that the Americans need to turn things round fast, militarily and politically, if they are to ensure that events do not spin out control.
【翻译演练】 _________________________
【参考译文】 人们越来越强烈地感受到，如果美国人想确保形势不失控，就要从军事和政治上尽快扭转形势。
【结构分析】 The sense is growing// that the Americans need to turn things round fast, militarily and politically , if they are to ensure that events do not spin out control .第一段是句子的主干，第二段是that引导的同位语从句，解释说明主语The sense的内容；正常的主干结构是The sense (that...) is growing，但因这样的语序头重脚轻，故被改写为The sense is growing that...；在that引导的同位语从句中，画线的表达分别是范围状语（修饰turn）和条件状语（修饰need）。
【词汇精记】 sense 感觉，意识；turn things round 扭转形势；militarily and politically 军事和政治两方面；events 情况（pl.）；spin out 消磨（时间），拖延。
21. The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made.
【翻译演练】 _____________________________
【参考译文】 当前的问题是，许多人把如果付出努力完全有可能做到的事情，视作是不可能的。
【结构分析】 The present question is that many people consider ( impossible ) what is really possible if effort is made .句子主语是The present question，谓语是系动词is，that从句是表语从句； 在that从句中，many people是主语，consider是谓语，画线部分是动词的宾语从句，impossible是宾语补足语，但因宾语太长之故，宾语被放置到补足语之后，造成了形式上动词consider和其宾语what从句的分隔；此外，what is really possible if effort is made相当于all (that is possible if effort is made)。
【词汇精记】 make effort to do 努力做某事；consider sth.＋adj. 认为某物……。
22. The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness accorded to man is that provided by a happy marriage, endeavored to pretend that all their marriages were happy.
【翻译演练】 ____________________________
【参考译文】 维多利亚时期的人们由于意识到，给予人类最大的幸福是幸福婚姻所给予的幸福，所以他们总是试图假装他们的婚姻都是幸福的。
【结构分析】 The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness (accorded to man) is that (provided by a happy marriage), endeavored to pretend that all their marriages were happy .此句的主干是The Victorians...endeavored to pretend that...，即主语是The Victorians，谓语是endeavored to pretend，宾语是that引导的名词从句（即宾语从句）；双逗号中间的表达realizing that...是现在分词短语作原因状语，修饰谓语动词endeavored，表示其原因；因状语的位置相对较灵活，此处被置于句中，在形式上分隔了主语The Victorians和谓语动词endeavored；双逗号中间的括号部分是各自前面名词的后置定语：accorded to man是过去分词短语作定语修饰happiness, provided by a happy marriage则是过去分词短语作定语修饰前面的that（that指代happiness）。
【词汇精记】 the Victorians 维多利亚时期的人们；accord 授予，给予（accord sb. sth. 给予某人某物）；endeavor 试图；pretend 假装。
23. We, for our part, admitting the fact that no feat of intelligence and character is so exacting as that required of two people who desire to live permanently together on a basis of amity, are obsessed by the problem of how to render the basic facts of cohabitation simpler and more reasonable, in order that unhappy marriages may less frequently result.
【翻译演练】 ________________________
【参考译文】 对我们来讲，我们承认，夫妻欲相敬如宾、白首偕老，必须要在智慧和性格方面下工夫，其程度没有任何技艺可与之相提并论，所以，困扰我们的问题是，怎样才能使两性同居的基本事实，变得更简单更合理，以期不幸的婚姻较少发生。
【结构分析】 We, for our part, admitting the fact (that no feat of intelligence and character is so exacting as that) (required of two people) (who desire to live permanently together on a basis of amity), are obsessed by the problem (of how to render the basic facts of cohabitation simpler and more reasonable), in order that unhappy marriages may less frequently result .句子的主干是We...are obsessed by the problem...; for our part是插入语；admitting the fact...是现在分词短语作原因状语，被置于句中修饰谓语动词are obsessed...，表示其发生的原因；画线的in order that...是目的状语，也修饰谓语动词are obsessed...，表示其目的；具体而言，第一个括号中的that从句是the fact的同位语从句，解释fact的内容，里面用到了so...as比较结构，as后的that是代词，指代前面的比较对象feat；第二个括号是过去分词短语required...作后置定语修饰that；第三个括号中的who引导定语从句，修饰先行词people；第四个括号中的of＋how to...是介词短语作定语，修饰前面的problem，此处的how to...是特殊疑问词how＋to构成的复合不定式，相当于名词，作前面介词of的宾语。
【词汇精记】 for our part 对我们来讲（习语）；admit 承认；feat 技艺，绝技；character 性格；exacting 要求苛刻的；require sth. of sb. 要求从某人处得到某物；desire to do 渴望做；permanent 永久的；on a basis of 在……的基础上；amity 友善；be obsessed by 被……所困扰；render （相当于make）使得（常接复合宾语）；cohabitation 同居；reasonable 合理的；result (vi.) 成为结果。
24. And we are so accustomed to reading almost every week newspaper reports about new discoveries being made by man that we tend to take the progress and benefit of scientific research for granted.
【翻译演练】 __________________________
【参考译文】 我们几乎每周在报纸上都可以读到有关人类所作的新发现的报道，对此我们已经习以为常，因此我们往往把科学研究的进步和好处视作理所当然。
【结构分析】 And we are so accustomed to reading almost every week newspaper reports (about new discoveries) (being made by man)// that we tend to take the progress and benefit (of scientific research) for granted.此句话的主干结构是：we are so accustomed to reading... that ...；第一段是主干，第二段是that引导的结果状语从句，和前面的so形成搭配，表示其带来的结果；第一段中黑体表达almost every week是时间状语，修饰前面的reading，表示其发生时间，它在形式上分隔了reading和其宾语newspaper reports（因宾语较长，被后置）；reports后面的about短语是介词短语作其后置定语，现在分词短语being...则是前面discoveries的后置定语；在第二段结果状语从句中，主语是we，谓语是tend to take，宾语是the progress and benefit，紧随其后的of scientific research则是宾语的后置定语，句末表达for granted和前面的take形成搭配，作宾语补足语。
【词汇精记】 be accustomed to doing 习惯于；tend to do 往往会；take...for granted 把……视作理所应当；benefit 利益，好处。
25. In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
【翻译演练】 _______________________
【参考译文】 在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
【结构分析】 In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—( with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed )—was spread over nearly a century , //whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.句子主干结构是whereas（“而”，表示对比）连接两个分句组成的并列句；第一段中，主语是the process of industrialization，谓语是was spread，句首的斜体表达是介词短语in...作地点状语，此段末部的斜体表达是介词短语over...作时间状语，双破折号中间的黑体表达则是介词短语with...作非限制性定语，修饰前面的主语中心词process，对其进行补充说明，此部分后面画线的表达that followed是定语从句，修饰先行词social patterns；第二段中，主语是a developing nation，谓语是may undergo，宾语是the same process, in a decade or so作时间状语。
【词汇精记】 industrialized countries 工业化国家；the process of industrialization 工业化进程；far-reaching 深远的；social pattern 社会结构；be spread over （被）遍及；undergo 经历；decade 十年；in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间里。
26. In short, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.
【翻译演练】 _____________________
【参考译文】 简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。
【结构分析】 In short, the scientific revolution, as we call it , was largely the improvement and invention and use (of a series of instruments) (that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions).句子主干结构是the scientific revolution...was largely...; as we call it 是典型的插入语，of a series of instruments是其前面三个并列名词的后置定语，句末括号中是that引导定语从句，也修饰相同的对象。
【词汇精记】 In short 简而言之；improvement 改进；invention 发明；a series of 一系列；instrument （科学）仪器，器具，乐器；expand 膨胀，普及，扩张；reach (n.) 范围；the reach of science 科学的范围；innumerable 无数的；in innumerable directions 在难以计数的方向。
27. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
【翻译演练】 __________________________
【参考译文】 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
【结构分析】 Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence (of some respected ideas) (in elementary-particle physics),//and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true .此句是由and连接两个分句组成的并列句；第一段的主干结构是：让步状语从句＋主句；其中，让步状语从句Odd though it sounds是成分前置，正常语序是though it sounds odd，主句的主语是cosmic inflation，谓语是系动词is，表语是名词短语a...consequence；consequence后面的of some respected ideas是其后置定语，in elementary-particle physics是前面ideas的后置定语；第二段中，主语是many astrophysicists，谓语是have been convinced，宾语是句末画线表达that it is true（和前面的have been convinced形成搭配）；黑体表达是时间状语，它分隔了前面谓语动词和后面宾语从句。
【词汇精记】 odd 古怪的；cosmic 宇宙的；inflation 膨胀，（通货）膨胀；some respected ideas 一些公认的理论（respected“被尊敬的”，此处引申为“公认的”）；scientifically 科学上地；plausible 有道理的；elementary 基本的；particle 粒子，微粒；physics 物理学；be convinced that 被说服，相信；physicist 物理学家；astrophysicist 天体物理学家；for the better part of a decade 七八年来。
28. I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems.
【翻译演练】 ____________________________
【参考译文】 我把他定义为这样的个体：他把用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，作为自己生活的主要责任与乐趣。
【结构分析】 I shall define him as an individual//(who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems).第一段是句子的主干，主语是I，谓语是shall define，宾语是him, as an individual是宾语补足语；第二段是关系代词who引导的定语从句，主语是who，谓语是has elected，宾语是the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems，画线的黑体表达as his primary duty and pleasure in life是宾语补足语，和前面的elect形成搭配，但此处的宾语表达显然过长，出于句式结构平衡的考虑，宾语被后置到句末，使得此句的黑体表达（宾补）在形式上分隔了动词和其宾语；此外，在较长的宾语表达中，in Socratic way是thinking的状语，亦分隔了thinking和about moral problems。
【词汇精记】 define...as 把……定义为；elect 选举，推选，引申为“选择”；individual 个体；primary 首要的；moral 道德的；Socratic 苏格拉底（古希腊伟大的哲学家）；activity 行为；duty 责任；pleasure 乐趣。
29. His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
【翻译演练】 _______________________
【参考译文】 知识分子的作用类似于法官，后者必须承担起这样的责任：用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程。
【结构分析】 His function is analogous to that//(of a judge), (who must accept the obligation) (of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning) (which led him to his decision).第一段是句子的主干，that指代前面的function；of a judge是介词短语修饰限定that，who则引导非限制性定语从句修饰judge，of revealing...是介词短语作后置定语修饰obligation；其中，in as obvious a manner as possible是方式状语（本质是in a...manner），用来说明revealing的方式，它分隔了revealing和其宾语the course of reasoning...（宾语太长，被后置）；此外，句末的which定语从句修饰限定先行词the course of reasoning。
【词汇精记】 function 作用；be analogous to 和……相似的；in a...manner 通过……的方式；in as obvious a manner as possible (in an obvious manner＋as obvious as possible) 以尽可能明显的方式；obligation 义务，责任；course 过程，课程，航向，（一道）菜；reasoning 推理（此处-ing，故为动词）；the course of reasoning 推理过程；lead sb. to a decision 使某人得出结论。
30. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
【翻译演练】 _________________________
【参考译文】 我之所以把他排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。
【结构分析】 I have excluded him//because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems , he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.第一段是句子的主干，第二段是because引导的原因状语从句；此原因状语从句是一个主从复合句，双逗号之间是while引导的让步状语从句，从句后面才是主干成分，其中not...any but...是一个双否结构，可理解为only之意； but可作为否定词理解，any是加强否定语气的表达。
【词汇精记】 exclude 排除；accomplishment 成就；contribute to sth. 促进，为……作贡献；be charged with 被指控……，承担；solution 解决；approach 接近；factual (adj.) 事实的；aspect 方面；the factual aspect 事实方面。
