03 不同类型文章的阅读技巧

03 不同类型文章的阅读技巧

文章的结构特点会根据文章的体裁不同而有所变化。因此，为了更好地获取信息，我们有必要对不同的体裁进行学习，掌握其中的结构特点，以方便我们有效地获取目标信息。我们在平时的阅读经历中，最常见到的是记叙文、说明文和议论文。

记叙文

记叙文通常讲述某个人的经历或者某件重大生活事件，对于事件的陈述一般是由时间概念连接起来的。但是在我们做阅读题的时候，记叙文并不是单纯的以时间为轴，而是中间会夹杂着议论文字。这样的记叙文其一般模式为：

1.概括陈述即将要叙述的事件。

2.陈述以前的事件以及对这一事件的看法。

3.陈述之后的事件以及对事件的看法。

4.总结全文。

举个例子来说：

某篇阅读理解题的结构就是这样的。

For example

1.概括性陈述

Engineering students are supposed to be example of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool.

2.之前的事件和看法

In high school I wanted to be…, but I didn't choose a college with a large engineering department.

3.之后的事件

I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university for a broad education.

4.接下来发生的事件

I headed off for sure that I was going to have an advantage over others.

5.再之后发生的事件

Now I am not so sure…I have learned the reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.

6.总结全文

I have realized that the struggle to reconcile the study of engineering and liberal-arts is difficult.

只要我们理解了记叙文的结构特点，在解答这样的问题时就会非常得心应手。这样的试题一般是根据文章的发展脉络来出题的。

说明文

说明文是一种通过阐述的方式将知识或者道理传达给读者的体裁。说明文的说明顺序一般有：时间顺序、空间顺序和逻辑顺序。

1.从整体入手，明确说明对象。我们可以通过快速查看文章题目和每个段落的主题句来把握说明对象。段落主题句一般出现在段首或者段尾。

2.将每一段的要点概括出来，然后弄清楚说明的顺序。如果文章的段落很多，我们要使用“同类合并”的方法，将文章分为几大部分，然后把每一部分的大概意思归纳出来，这样我们就能弄清楚文章的说明顺序了。

3.整体把握中心思想。我们需要分析这几大部分之间的结构关系和逻辑，它们是并列的、递进的还是总分关系？是形式与内容的关系、普遍与特殊的关系还是结果与原因的关系？我们要试着画出结构示意图，这样能更好地帮助我们理清文章的结构，把握中心思想。

For example

Priscilla Ouchida's “energy-efficient” house turned out to be a horrible dream.When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago, they built a $100,000, three-bedroom home in California.Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks, the house was equipped with small double-paned (双层玻璃的) windows and several other energy-saving features.Problems began as soon as the couple moved in, however.Priscilla's eyes burned.Her throat was constantly dry.She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep.It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness.

Experts finally traced the cause of her illness.The level of formaldehyde ( 甲醛) gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers.The source of the gas? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall-to-wall carpeting.

The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nation's drive to save energy.The problem itself isn't new.“The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along,”says Moschandreas, a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland.“Energy conservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases.”

The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones.Back in the days when energy was cheap, home builders didn't worry much about unsealed cracks.Because of such leaks, the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor air about once an hour.As a result, the pollutants generated in most households seldom built up to dangerous levels.

上面是一篇说明文的结构模式，这篇文章按照“提出问题——阐述直接原因——阐述深层原因——得出结论”的结构来展开文章，其逻辑关系是因果关系，结构为总分结构。

了解了这种类型的文章的结构模式，我们就可以按照这样的模式来判断更多的类似的阅读题目。

议论文

议论文最常见的模式是假设——真实型，也就是“主张——反主张”模式，即先提出一种主张，最后表达自己的观点或者反对这种主张。

我们在阅读议论文时要注意以下四个方面：

1.找准文章的论点论据，并且要明确文章的论证方法。

2.在阅读时要特别注意反驳主张的内容。

3.在论证中，往往会出现一些转换信号词，它们用于表示因果、递进或者转折等关系。

4.我们还要注意一些带有感情色彩的词语，因为其中往往包含着作者的观点倾向。

在考题中，议论文的主要题型是作者观点态度题，文章中心思想题和细节题。尤其是作者的态度观点，我们要根据议论文的结构特点来分析。

For example

大学英语四级考试中某篇阅读理解题开始就提出一种观点：High school English teachers are not doing their jobs.支持这一观点的理由是：His students has a bad command of English.作者对此提出了反对的主张：

(1) It is inevitable for one generation to complain the one immediately following it.And it is human nature to look for reasons for our dissatisfaction.

(2) The people who criticize the high school teachers are not aware that their language ability has developed through the years.

作者最后得出自己的结论：The concern about the decline and fall of the English language is a generation, and is not new and peculiar to taday's young people.

掌握了“主张——反主张”这一结构特点以后，我们就可以有的放矢地寻找问题的答案，更清楚地了解文章的脉络。

相信大家已经掌握了各种体裁的结构特点，那么，大家就准备好享受一番阅读的饕餮盛宴吧！