《时代经典用词》科技篇生物

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biofeedback
生物反馈
That knowledge could conceivably translate into an ability to finetune those states at will-through either pharmacology or sophisticated biofeedback techniques.
而那些知识或许可以转化成一种能力，来对这些精神状态作精细的控制——不论是使用药剂或是复杂的生物反馈技术。
For ordinary folks,
对一般人而言，
biofeedback can be a useful tool in treating dozens of ailments,from asthma to epilepsy,chronic pain to drug addiction.
生物反馈是能够治疗气喘到癫痫症、慢性疼痛到毒瘾等多种疾病的有效工具，
It is perhaps the single most effective treatment for Raynaud's disease,a condition mainly afflicting women,
也可能是治疗雷诺氏病最有效的方法；这种病主要发生在妇女身上，
in which the fingers turn white,cold and painful when they are exposed to cold.
处于寒冷的环境中就会出现手指变白、寒冷、疼痛的症状。
biological clock
生物时钟
As the tick,tick,tick of the biological clock sounded ever louder,aging baby boomers got down to the business of having a baby boomlet of their own.
随着生物时钟的滴答声愈来愈响，年华日渐老去的婴儿潮这一代，开始营造他们自己的生育小高峰。
Around Tokyo,many young people speculate that the reason might be as simple as the ticking of the biological clock.
在整个东京，许多年轻人都揣没，她这么做的理由可能很简单，那就是生物时钟正声声催人。
She was nearing 30,late for a Japanese woman to marry and have children.
她年近30，就日本女人而言，这时结婚生子已嫌晚，
And with the crown prince in the picture,very few men would be willing to court her.
再则，她和太子交往，也使敢追求她的男人变得少之又少。
centenarian
百龄人瑞
The picture of 4 million doddering,medically needy centenarians is not pretty,but the prospect may not be so grim.
这幅400万名步履蹒跚、疾病缠身的百龄人瑞的景象可是不怎么赏心悦目，不过预期的情况不至于如此悲观。
Darwin
达尔文
Ever since Darwin,the idea of "survival of the fittest" as an inexorably "progressive" force has been misused to justify poverty,genocide and suffering in general.
自达尔文开始，“适者生存”这股冷酷无情的“演进”力量，就遭到人们误用，成为贫穷、大屠杀、苦难的借口。
As many small businessmen see it,
许多小企业认为，
the government is letting thousands of them sink through a Darwinian selection:survival of the biggest.
政府正让数以千计的小企业，在“大者生存”这个达尔文式的淘汰过程中灭顶。
Fernando Ponce,controls more than 50 corporations.
费南多•彭斯控有50余家公司。
"We employ almost 5000 people," he says.
“我们有5000名员工，”他说，
"That's our main strength;you just can't let an enterprise like this die."
“那是我们的主要筹码；像这样规模的企业，你不能让它倒闭就倒闭。”
eugenics
优生学
During his more forthright racist days,
以往抱持强烈种族主义的日子里，
he had eugenic solutions for the problem:
他对于这个问题有优生学的解决方案：
tax deterrents to breeding by the lower class matched by incentives for the genetically superior.
对那些处于下层的民众生育施以税务方面的制裁，同时提供宣传鼓励遗传基因优秀的民众生育。
eyeless gene
无眼基因
Marvels William McGinnis,a Yale University biologist:
耶鲁大学的生物学家威谦•麦克基尼斯赞叹道：
"All you have to do,it seems,is switch on the eyeless gene,and you get these beautiful eyes."
“看起来，你所需要做的只是将这个无眼基因的开关打开，就能够得到漂亮的眼睛。”
genetic engineering
遗传工程
Most people strongly oppose human genetic engineering for any purpose except to cure disease or grow more food.
许多人强烈反对人体遗传工程，只同意将其运用在医疗疾病及增加作物产量方面。
A substantial majority think altering human genes is against the will of God.

大多数的人都认为改变人类基因是违反上帝旨意的事。
DNA fingerprinting
DNA指纹术
Matching a suspect's DNA,the genetic material found in most cells,
DNA是大部分的细胞里都可发现的遗传物质，
with DNA found in blood or semen at the scene of a crime can provide seemingly indisputable evidence of guilt.
将嫌疑犯的DNA与犯案现场所找到的血液或精液相比对，就可以得到犯案的铁证。
But now DNA fingerprinting is itself on trial,and shadows of doubt are falling on detective work that once seemed virtually infallible.
但如今，DNA指纹术本身也受到了考验，一度似乎是绝对可靠的侦查手段，正遭到阵阵质疑。
Homo sapiens
智人
And our own species,Homo sapiens,
而我们自己所属的人种，就是智人，
may be much older than anyone had suspected.
可能比任何人所猜测的都要古老。
If even portions of these claims prove to be true,
这些主张中只要有一部分被证明是对的，
they will force a major rewrite of the book of human evolution.
那么有关人类进化的书籍就要做全面改写。
It's also difficult to say whether are originated in a specific part of the world.
艺术是否系源自于某一特定地区，这也是难以断定的。
By the time of humanity's great artistic awakening,
在人类的艺术大觉悟之前，
Homo sapiens had probably already traveled from its African homeland through most of Europe and Asia.
智人极可能已离开其非洲的故乡，游遍欧洲和亚洲的大部分地区。
Human Genome Project
人类基因组计划
Last year,after months of deliberation,
去年，在经过几个月的思考之后，
Collins left his faculty post at the University of Michigan Medical School to lead the Human Genome Project,
柯林斯离开了他在密歇根大学医学院的教授职位，而来领导人类基因组计划。
an audacious effort to decipher the complete genetic script contained in human cells.
这是一个大胆的尝试，希望能够将人类细胞中所隐含的遗传密码通通加以破解。
p53
p53抑癌基因
Dr. Curtis Harris,a molecular epidemiologist,has been examining cells from liver-and-lund-cancer patients,
分子流行病学家哈瑞斯•柯提斯博士一直在检验来自肝癌及肺癌患者身上的细胞，
searching for mutations in a tumor-suppressor gene known as p53.
找寻一种称为p53抑癌基因的突变情况。
Pavlov,Ivan Petrovich
巴甫洛夫
Soviet psychiatry began to take shape in the 1920s and drew especially on the work of physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
1920年代苏联的精神病学开始形成，主要归因于生理学家伊凡•巴甫洛夫的研究。
By early 1984,investigators concluded that 369 of the 400 children interviewed had been abused.
到了1984年初，调查人员断定在400名受访儿童中，有369名曾受虐待。
MacFarlane's technique seemed Pavlovian:
麦克法兰的方式似乎是巴甫洛夫式的：
emotional rewards to the children who accused the teachers,rebuffs to those who did not.
对于控告老师的儿童给予情感上的鼓励，反之则冷淡对待。
symbiosis
共生
He did not set out to raise the dead but rather to study symbiosis,the mutually beneficial relationship that exists between complex organisms and their microbial fellow travelers.
他原来的工作方向并不在使死者复活，而在研究复杂的有机机及随其同行的微生物之间的互利关系，也就是共生现象。
To that end,Cano,began working with insects fossilized in ancient amber and the microbes,presumably long dead,that their bodies contained.
为达此目的，卡诺开始研究古老琥珀中的昆虫化石，及这些昆虫体内的微生物。