《时代经典用词》科技篇 医学

She checked in and out of sanitariums.
她常常进出疗养院。
Doctors tried to minister to her hysteria,depression,anorexia,insomnia,wildly alternating moods,lacerating rages,trances,fugue states,terrible confusions.
医师想要治疗她的歇斯底里、忧郁症、厌食症、失眠症、情绪极度变化、破坏性的愤怒、精神恍惚、神游症、意识混淆等病症。
antibiotic
抗菌素
A bacterial infection that can cause skin lesions,fever and even death without prompt antibiotic treatment has been traced to cats.
有一种细菌感染，如果不尽快用抗菌素治疗，会造成皮肤伤害、发烧、甚至死亡。
About 25% of felines in a San Francisco study carried the R.henselae bacterium.
现在发现与猫有关。根据在旧金山的研究发现，25%的猫身上带有R.henselae菌。
The new strategy involves implanting into the gums antibiotics or other germ killers so that they can attack bacteria in the pockets where they fester.
新的方式是在牙龈内植入抗菌素或其他能杀死细菌的药物，这些药物可以在产生溃烂的地方杀死细菌。
Standard antibiotic pills,which some specialists have relied on,needlessly expose the entire body to a powerful drug and have not always proved effective.
至于部分专家所依赖的一般抗菌素药丸，让人体全身都受到强烈药性的侵入，既没有必要又不一定有效。
artificial insemination
人工授精
Men with extremely low sperm counts can be helped toward fatherhood by artificial insemination,
精子稀少的男子，可以通过人工授精的方式成为人父，
which puts what sperm they have directly into the cervix,or by microinjection,which puts a single sperm right into the egg.
其方式就是将精子直接放入子宫颈，或以微注射方式将单一精子放入卵子中。
The Giffords have filed a libel suit against the National Enquirer over a story suggesting that Kathie Lee was impregnated by an artificial insemination technique intended to produce a baby girl.
《国家轶闻周刊》中有一则报道，暗示卡希·李为了生个女儿，以人工授精的方式受孕，吉弗氏家族已就此指挥该杂志毁谤。
asthma
哮喘病
Regular use of some asthmatic drugs,such as salbutamol,can be counter-productive,making asthma sufferers more,rather than less,susceptible to allergens.
固定使用一些平喘的药物，像salbutamol，可能会有副作用，不但不能减轻，反而使哮喘病病人更容易受到致过敏物的影响。
He suffered greatly.
他承受很大的痛苦。
The soles of his feet were beaten.He developed asthma.The isolation drove his mind inward,where he joined what he calls "a unique fellowship ofendurance."
他的脚底板被殴打，还得了哮喘。而隔离使得他的内心封闭，在心灵深处他加入了他所谓的“以坚忍不拔为信仰的团体”。
Yet the facts suggest that he sometimes acted like an overly enthusiastic YMCA director.
但是事实指出，他有时候却像个过度狂热的YMCA领导人。
AZT
叠氮胸甙
AZT's value in fighting AIDS has come under new doubt.
AZT在抵御艾滋病上的价值再度受到怀疑。
Researchers have found that the drug often makes HIV-infected patients so sick from nausea and fatigue as to outweigh its slight ability to delay the onset of AIDS.
研究人员发现，这种药物使得感染HIV的患者极度反胃及疲倦，这种副作用比起它只能稍稍延缓AIDS发病时间这项功能，更为严重。
People infected with HIV,the AIDS virus,may not show overt symptoms for years.
感染艾滋病毒HIV的人可能会有几年的时间都没有明显的症状出现。
Even so,they are often given AZT,a drug believed to lengthen the lives of those with full-blown AIDS.
尽管如此，他们往往还是会接受AZT治疗，一般相信这种药物可以延长艾滋病发病者的生命。
Several studies have shown that AZT can delay the onset of symptoms,thought it doesn't prevent or cure the disease.
多项研究显示，这种药物并不能预防及治疗艾滋病，但是可以延缓病征出现的时间。
beta-blocker
乙型阻滞剂
Such was the case with "beta-blocker blues," a syndrome of fatigue and mild depression sometimes associated with regular use of a popular category of heart drugs called beta blocker. 

像“乙型阻滞剂忧郁症”就是个例子，这是因为长期服用一种广受欢迎、被称为乙型阻滞剂的心脏病药物所可能引起的疲倦及轻微忧郁的症状。
The syndrome went undetected in clinical trials.
在临床实验时并未发现这些并发症。
bone-marrow transplant
骨髓移植
"The chance of that bone-marrow transplant taking and working in a human is zero,"
“那宗骨髓移植能成功而且在人体内发挥功用的机率几乎是零。”
says Ronald Desrosiers,professor of microbiology at Harvard Medical School.
哈佛医学院的微生物学教授罗纳德·迪斯罗西尔斯说。
Current techniques,he believes,are simply not yet refined enough for it to work.
他认为，目前的技术还无法完成移植的工作。
But they could be soon.
但在不久之后可能就可以了。
brain death
脑死
Raising fearsing fears of more Middle East-related violence in the U.S.,
有一事件让民众恐惧美国境内会发生更多与中东有关的暴力事件。
a gunman in a trailing car opened fire on a van carrying young Hasidic Jews across New York City's Brooklyn Bridge,
躲在拖车里的一名枪手对一辆箱型车开枪，车上载着哈西迪末日教派的犹太青年，正在通过纽约的布鲁克林桥。
wounding four of the riders,two critically.
结果4人受伤，其中2人伤势严重。
Tafero,officials insisted,was brain-dead after the first schock of electricity and felt no pain.
官员坚称塔费罗在第一道电击后就已脑死，完全没有受罪。
bubonic plague
淋巴腺鼠疫
The most determined fighters in the camps are the medical commandos of the International Red Cross and Doctors Without Borders,
营里扫灭疾病最不屈不挠的战士，是国际红十字会和无国界医生这两个组织的医疗特遣队；
They are fighting the spread of one killer after another:cholera,dysentery,measles,even,some U.N.workers fear,bubonic plague.
他们正在遏止一个接一个蔓延开来的致使疾病，包括霍乱、痢疾、麻疹，甚至某些联合国工作人员还担心会有淋巴腺鼠疫。
Not since the bubonic plague has the world encountered anything like the AIDS virus,which has infected at least 10 million people.
自淋巴腺鼠疫之后，人类还未碰过像艾滋病毒这样的疾病，目前至少已有1000万人感染了艾滋病毒。
cholesterol
胆固醇
Doctors have found evidence the gene,
医生们已经找到一些证据，
therapy could help people who are suffering from extremely high levels of cholesterol in their blood.
指出基因治疗可以用来帮助血液中胆固醇过高的病患者。
CPR
心肺复苏术
A simple medical device that looks like a plunger may be more effective than the traditional hand-pressing technique used in CPR to save heart-attack victims.
有一个简单的医疗仪器，看起来有点像橡胶吸盘，这个仪器可能比传统上用来急救心脏病突发患者的人工心肺复苏器更有效果。
The small suction pump compresses and expands the patient's chest more vigorously,reduces the risk of broken ribs and allows more blood to flow through the body.
这个小小的吸盘泵会以更猛烈的方式来压缩及扩张患者的胸部，减少肋骨继裂的危险，同时让更多血液流经身体。
More than 8000 people showed up recently for a free course in cardiopulmonary resuscitation,or CPR,
超过8000位民众最近去参加一项免费的心肺复苏术急救课程，
and requests for poolfencing estimates have tripled.
同时要求为游泳池加装护栏的工程估价已增加了两倍。
dengue fever
登革热
Irrigation ditches and piles of discarded tires are ideal nesting spots for the Aedes aegypti mosquito,carrier of dengue and yellow fevers;
灌溉沟渠和成堆摆放的废弃轮胎，是登革热、黄热病的病媒蚊——埃及斑蚊——滋生的温床；
imported used tires have already brought the Asian tiger mosquito,also a carrier of dengue,into the U.S.
二手轮胎的进口则将亚洲虎蚊引入美国，也是登革热的病媒蚊。
During the war,Sabin's vaccines protected thousands of U.S.troops against such diseases as dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis  

大战期间，沙宾疫苗使数以千计的美国士兵得以免于登革热、日本脑炎等疾病的侵袭。
dialysis
透析
The U.S.spends $7 billion a year on dialysis treatments,yet kidneyfailure patiens frequently either die before they stabilize or live in misery,a new report concludes.
一项新的报告指出，尽管美国一年花掉70亿美金在透析治疗，但是这些肾功能失常的病患者不是在病况稳定前就死亡，就是生活在悲惨当中。
Patients do better when they are diagnosed early and have longer dialysis sessions.
早期发现并施以长期透析治疗的病患者则情况较好。
Ebola
埃博拉病毒
When viruses or bacteria have made the jump from animals to humans in the past,they have often proved exceedingly virulent;
根据以往的经验，当病毒或细菌跨越人畜屏障而由动物转移到人体体内时，通常都会带来极度的危害；
HIV,which causes AIDS;Ebola virus;and hantavirus are all chilling precedents.
譬如造成艾滋病的HIV病毒；埃博拉病毒；病毒性流感等都是令人想到就胆寒的先例。
electroencephalogram
脑电图
Violent youths frequently have neurological problems and learning disorders,
有暴力行为的年轻人通常都有神经系统的问题以及语音障碍，
many of which result from brain injuries inflicted in beatings by parents and others.
其中许多是因为受过父母及其他人的殴打而造成脑部伤害。
Some suffer from paranoia and hallucinations,and others experience seizures.
有些会患癫狂及妄想症，有些会发生癫痫。
Some of the most violent children tend to have grossly abnormal electroencephalograms.
某些最暴力的小孩，经脑电图检查，发现其脑波活动非常不正常。
When electroencephalogram are used to test for heart disease,women more often show some abnormalities.
做心电图检查心脏疾病时，妇女较经常显示出有不正常的情况。
euthanasia
安乐死
Many physicians also fear that making the practice legal will lead to ill-considered decisions to terminate life.
许多医生同时也担心，允许这样的医疗程序合法化，会导致一些对于结束生命的不当决定。
Some doctors believe-though have not proved-that a 1993 Dutch decision to legalize euthanasia has resulted in some cases of mercy killin without the patient's explicit consent.
有些医生相信——尽管未经证实——1993年荷兰将安乐死合法化之后，某些安乐死的病例，并未得到患者明确的同意。
In a letter released after his death,Dent appealed to those who attacked his decision:
在邓特死后才公诸于世的一封信中，他恳请那些抨击他采用安乐死的人：
"If you disagree with voluntary euthanasia,then don't use it,but don't deny me the righy to use it if and when I want to."
“如果不赞成志愿安乐死，那就不要用，但假如我想这样做，或当我有意如此时，请不要剥夺我使用它的权利。”
FK-506
FK-506
What may make the difference this time is an experimental antirejection drug known as FK-506;
这次之所以与先前不同，是因为用了试验性的抗排斥药物FK-506；
doctors hope it will keep the recipient's immune system from attacking the new liver as a foreign object.
医生希望这种药物能够使接受移植者的免疫系统，不要将移植的肝脏视为外来物体而加以攻击。
Though the patient had symptoms of a mild rejection reaction by week's end,it wasn't considered serious.
尽管在一周结束的时候，病患者有一些轻微的排斥现象，但情形并不严重。
FK-506 works by suppressing the proliferation of certain white blood cells,the workhorses of the immune system.
白血球细胞是免疫系统里的主要角色，FK-506即凭借抑制某些白血球细胞的增殖而达到功效。
Starzl thinks the drug could signal a revolution in organ transplantation.
斯达兹尔认为，此药可以说代表着器官移植上的一场革命。
hantavirus
病毒性流感
The hantavirus,a rodent-borne killer that swept through the Four Corners area of the American Southwest last spring,has claimed its first life in the Northeast.
曾经在去年春天横扫美国西南部西角区的病毒性流感，是一种借由啮齿类动物传染的杀手级病毒，最近在美国的东北部造成了该地区第一个死亡病例。 

They were told to cook their chicken thoroughly to aviod food poisoning from salmonella bacteria.
他们被告知须将鸡肉完全煮透，以避免沙门氏杆菌食物中毒。
And last year they saw how the rare hantavirus,once unknown in the U.S.,emerged from mice to kill 30 people in as many as 20 states.
而去年，他们见识到罕见的病毒性流感，美国人过去完全陌生的病毒，如何从老鼠身上传出，在广达20个州境内夺走了30条人命。
Heimlich maneuver
汉默李奇医术
True story:
这是个真人实事，
a few years ago,a 10-year-old successfully performed the Heimlich maneuver on his choking brother after seeing it illustrated on The Simpsons.
几年前一名10岁大的小孩，，以汉默李奇医术成功地救起他快窒息的兄弟；先前，他在《辛普森家庭》这部卡通片里，看过这项技术的操作。
Dr.Henry Heimlich of Cincinnati,known for developing the Heimlich maneuver to relieve choking,
辛辛那提市的亨利·汉默李奇博士，以推广窒息救急术——汉默李奇医术而著称；
observed that Lyme disease resembles syphilis in that it is caused by a corkscrew-shaped spirochete.
他观察到莱姆关节炎与梅毒相似，因为该炎症系由一螺旋形螺旋体细菌所引发。
HIV
人体免疫缺乏病毒
Says Sean Strub:
肖恩·斯塔布说：
"This is going to tell tens of thousands of people with AIDS and HIV that they don't have to give up."
“约翰逊的复出明白地向艾滋病及人体免疫缺乏病毒带原者宣示，他们没有必要放弃希望。”
interferon
干扰素
The research suggests a possible strategy for treating lymphoma in these patients:
这个研究提出对于这些病患者的淋巴瘤的一个治疗方法：
attack HIV with antiviral drugs like interferon.
用像干扰素的抗病毒药物来攻击人体免疫缺乏病毒。
interleukin 2
白细胞介素2
After giving the genetically engineered drug Interleukin 2 in high doses to 283 patients with spreading kidney or skin cancer,
在对283位患有肾脏癌或皮肤癌并已进入扩散期的患者，施以高剂量的基因工程合成药物白细胞介素2之后，
researchers found that a significant number stayed in remission for periods from seven to 91 months.
研究人员发现，有相当多病患者的病况都维持在和缓的程序，时间在7个月到91个月之间。
In an article in Cell,researchers report that
在一篇发表于《细胞》杂志上的文章中，研究人员指出，
the mutation causes immune cells to produce defective copies of a receptor for interleukin-2,one of the most important molecular regulators of the body's defense system.
突变会造成免疫细胞产生有缺陷的白细胞介素2接受体，白细胞介素2是人体防御系统中最重要的分子调节器之一。
Legionnaire's disease
军团病
AIDS has struck 547 people in the U.S.and at least 21 abroad,
艾滋病患者在美国已有547人，在美国之外至少有21人，
killing 232,more than toxic shock syndrome and the Philadelphia outbreak of Legionnaire's disease combined.
因此而死亡的则有232人，比中毒性综合休克症和军团病在费城所造成的死亡人数总和还要多。
The mice that transmit the hantavirus often take refuge in farmers' fields,barns and even homes.
传播病毒性流感的老鼠往往栖身于农田、谷仓、甚至家中；
Air-conditioning ducts create a perfect breeding ground for Legionnaire's disease bacteria.
空调系统的输送管则是军团病细菌的绝佳温床。
leukemia
白血病
A 20-year study of Canadian utility workers found a slightly elevated risk of leukemia among employees who had the greatest exposure to magnetic fields.
加拿大对公用事业员工所进行长达20年的研究显示，暴露在磁场环境中最多的人员，罹患白血病的危险性稍高。
During Anderson's gene-therapy hiatus,however,
在安得森基因治疗的休止期间，
Richard Mulligan,an M.I.T.researcher,showed that genetically engineered mouse-leukemia retroviruses were effective vectors for inserting human genes into mouse DNA.
一位MIT的研究人员理查德·穆立根证明了，以基因工程所产生的鼠类白血病逆转录酶病毒，是将人类基因植入鼠类DNA的优良载体。 

LSD
赖瑟酸二乙基酰胺
After a decade of decline,
根据调查指出，
drug use among young people is on the way back up,according to a survey.
在10年的下降之后，年轻人吸毒的情况又有上升的趋势。
The percentage using marijuana in 1992 was 27.7%,compared with 26.5% in 1991,and LSD users went from 5.1% to 5.7%.
1992年吸食大麻的有27.7%，而1991年是26.5%，使用“赖瑟酸二乙基酰胺”的从5.1%上升到5.7%。
The 1981 figures were 51.2% and 6%,respectively.
在1981年这两项药物的使用比例分别是51.2%及6%。
Starting in high school,Ned confesses,he became "infatuated with the drug subculture," using marijuana,LSD and mescaline.
奈德承认，从高中开始，他对“药醉神迷生活”产生迷恋，并且服用大麻、“赖瑟酸二乙基酰胺”及梅斯卡灵等麻醉药。
"When you're the child of a famous person,"says Franklin,who had his own bouts with heavy drinking,"you're measured by a different scale.You can get mad and fight it,or you can learn to accept it."
弗兰克林说：“如果你是个名人的孩子，你就会被人另眼相看。你可以生气并加以反击，要不然你也可以学着去接受它。”弗兰克林曾有酗酒的记录。
mad cow disease,BSE
疯牛病
They had contracted a new from of brain-wasting Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease that may in some unkown way be related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy(BSE),
他们已经染上一种会消蚀脑部的新型库贾氏病，这种病可能与牛的脑部海绵状病变，
the so-called mad-caw disease that has been plaguing British herds since mid-1980s.
也就是所谓的疯牛病有关；英国牛群自1980年代中期起即深受疯牛病侵扰之苦。
malpractice
误诊，治疗不当
Though no statistical evidence shows that malpractice is on the rise,
虽然没有统计数据显示医生的误诊情形有增加的趋势，
state licensling boards have stepped up their investigations of doctors.
但是各州核发医生执照的委员会已经加强对医生的调查。
Most people have long suspected,and many doctors agree,
许多人长久以来都怀疑，还有许多医生也同意，
that fear of malpractice suits haunts the delivery rooms.
怕惹上误诊官司的心态，是产房里挥之不去的困扰。
When complications arise,or the labor is unusually long and hard,many physicians apparently feel safer bringing out the scalpel than trying to let nature take its course.
碰上棘手的情况，或分娩过程出奇地费时费力，显然就有许多医生感觉动手术刀要比自然生产安全得多。
osteoporosis
骨质疏松症
The 55-year-old woman died of natural causes but in agony nonetheless.
尽管这名55岁的妇女是死于常情的原因，但她死得很痛苦。
She had suffered from arthritis,osteoporosis and malnutrition:
她患了关节炎、骨质疏松症及营养不良；
her teeth were rotten;and an improperly set broken leg had led to a huge bone abscess.
牙齿都烂掉了、而断腿的处置不当造成一个相当大的骨头溃疡。
For the humped back is often the most visible sign of osteoporosis,a progressive disease that leaves bones thin and brittle.
因为驼背通常是骨质疏松症最明显的症状，此症使得骨头逐渐变薄易碎。
Even so simple a motion as walking or sitting can collapse vertebrae and fracture wrists and hips.
就算是走路、坐下这样简单的动作都可能使脊椎断裂，使手腕及胯骨产生骨折。
pacemaker
心脏电子起搏器
Pet medicine,though,can rival treatment for humans.
宠物的医疗已经可以与人的医疗相匹敌。
Dogs and cats can undergo dialysis,pacemaker insertions and joint replacements.
狗和猫可以进行肾透析、安装心脏电子起搏器、植入人工关节。
Fractures are no longer simple splint-and-wire jobs but involve stainless-steel braces used on the bone.
骨折不再只是简单绑个绳子用木板固定，现在还包含用在骨骼中的不锈钢夹板。
The Secretary,54,suffers from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,a heart malady causing shortness of breath and dizziness.
这名54岁的国防部长患了心肌肥厚症，这是一种心脏方面的疾病，会造成缺氧及晕眩。 

Nine days after doctors installed a pacemaker in his chest,the irrepressible Pentagon chief was back in form last Saturday.
在医生将心脏电子起搏器植入他胸腔后9天，这位按捺不住的五角大楼头头，上周六又回复到他原来的生活。
Parkinson's disease
帕金森综合症
Graham knows he needs to save his strength:he is fighting Parkinson's disease,
格雷厄姆知道他必须要保留精力：他正在跟帕金森综合症奋战，
a progressive nervous disorder that has already made it impossible for him to drive or write by hand.
这是一种渐进的神经异常疾病，已经让他无法开车或用手写字。
One of the most promising experiments in the treatment of Parkinson's disease involves the use of fetal-tissue transplants.
对于帕金森综合症的治疗，最有希望的实验之一是利用胚胎组织的移植手术。
At least 100 patients worldwide have had such tissue injected into their damaged brains.
全世界至少已有100位患者接受这种胚胎组织注射到受伤的大脑里去。
positron-emission tomography
正电子放射γ线断层造影术
Female breasts,he says,may also influence irregularities on thallium stress tests.
他说女性的胸部也可能会影响到铊压力测试的不规则性；
Doctors at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City have apparently circumvented that problem by using the PET(positron-emission tomography)scan,
纽约市贝丝以色列医学中心的医生，用正电子放射γ线断层造影术显然已避开了这个问题，
which they say is highly accurate in detecting even minor heart damage in women.
他们说这种方法就算是用来检测妇女在心脏上的小毛病，也非常精确。
The machines that make images of the brain today are large,expensive contraptions that only major medical centers can afford.
今日，那些用来产生脑部影像的机器，都是一些相当巨大且昂贵的设备，因此只有少数的大型医学中心买得起。
But just as computers have become ever smaller,cheaper and more powerful,
但是正如电脑越来越小、价格越来越低而且功能越来越强，
so will the ultrafast successors to present-day positronemission tomography and magnetic-resonance imaging scanners.
迅速取代现有正电子放射γ线断层造影术及核磁共振影像扫描器的设备，也将步上同样的趋势。
In the NIMH study,
在NIMH的研究当中，
researchers used a new and sophisticated brain-imaging technique known as positron-emission tomography scanning
研究人员用了一种复杂的新技术取得脑部影像，称之为正电子放射γ线断层造影术，
to measure metabolic activity in the brain cells of 25 adults who had been hyperactive since childhood
来测量25个成人的脑部新陈代谢活动，这些成人自从孩提时代就有活动量过高的情况，
and had at least one child with the same problem.The results were striking.
同时他们的孩子中至少有1名也患有同样的毛病。测量结果相当令人惊讶。
premenstrual syndrome
经前综合症
More recently,B6 has won favor as a relief for premenstrual syndrome.
近年来维生素B6得宠，被拿来减轻经前综合症。
Some preliminary studies on depression,for example,
例如有一些对沮丧症状的初步研究显示，
suggest that hormonal changes in many women may lead to a premenstrual deepening of depression.
许多妇妇因为荷尔蒙的变化会造成经前的沮丧情绪增强。
taxol
泰克索
Scientists have synthesized taxol,a promising anticancer drug normally derived from trees in the Pacific Northwest.
科学家已经合成了泰克素，这是一种相当有潜力的抗癌药物，一般取自美国西北太平洋岸的树木中。
The new chemotherapeutic taxol,as well as almost half of all other cancer drugs,owes its existence to government scientists,as do nearly all AIDS drugs.
新的化学治疗药物泰克素，还有其他接近一半的癌症药物及几乎所有的艾滋病药物，都是靠官方科学家的努力才得以问世。
T cell
T细胞
In the past few years,however,doctors have come to realize that
然而，在过去几年，医生们了解到
the T cell number doesn't really tell them how sick a person is. 

T细胞的数量并不一定代表了患者病况的轻重。
Scientists suspect their blood may be blessed with killer T cells that
科学家猜测，她们的血液可能有特殊功能，具有特别凶猛的杀伤性T细胞，
are particularly ferocious,able to totally annihilate the invading virus before it can take hold and replicate.
能够在入侵细胞还未站稳脚跟和复制之前即将其全数歼灭。
transplant
器官移植
In a worst-case scenario,such transplants could introduce humanity to a plague that would make all of those look tame.
往最坏的地方想，这种动物器官的移植手术可能会为人类带来一场温疫，其严重程度可能是那些病毒都比不上的。