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2015年职称英语考试基础词汇重点解析:形容词与副词

所属教程:综合辅导

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2015年05月30日

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  职称英语考试基础词汇重点解析四

  形容词与副词的语法功能及复习要点

  相关背景知识介绍:

  Speaker A---I think you are the right person for the job. I’m sure you’ll do very well in it. So I recommended you to the director.

  Speaker B---It’s very kind of you. I don’t know how I can thank you enough.

  形容词:right, sure, kind

  副词: very, well, so, how, enough

  内容:Speaker A认为Speaker B是工作的合适人选, Speaker B向 Speaker A表达了他的感激之情。

  英语小常识: 当外国人表示对你的欣赏, 包括对你的能力,服饰,行为的欣赏时, 你千万别谦虚的说“so-so(一般)”,因为外国人他们自己在这样的场合下是不会这样回答的,他们习惯因此而向对方表示谢意, 所以在这样的场合下应该说:It’s very kind of you to say so.或者 Thank you.

  形容词性后缀:

  -able/-ible/-ble “能够”e.g. acceptable (accept + able)可接受的, responsible (respons(e)+ ible)应负责任的,可靠的

  -al “的” e.g. educational(education + al)教育的

  -ful “充满。。的”e.g. beautiful (beauty – beauti + ful)美丽的, useful (use + ful)有用的

  -ic/-ical “的”e.g. economic (econom(y )+ ic)经济上的, economical (econom(y )+ ical)经济的

  -less “无/不/没有。。的” e.g. careless(care + less)粗心的, useless (use + less)无用的

  -ive “性,倾向。。的”e.g. attractive (attract + ive)吸引人的, effective (effect + ive)有效的

  -ous “充满。。的”e.g. dangerous (danger + ous)危险的 , famous (fam(e) + ous)出名的

  -ly “。。的”e.g. friendly (friend + ly)友好的

  -ish “稍微,属于”e.g. childish (child + ish) 孩子气的, Swedish (Swed(en) + ish)瑞典的

  -ern “方向”e.g. eastern(east + ern)东方的, western (west + ern)西方的

  -ant/-ent “的”e.g. excellent (excel(ence) + ent)优秀的,卓越的,杰出的

  历年综合类词汇题部分出现的形容词:

  2002年职称英语C词汇题部分:ridiculous, obvious, crazy;

  2002年职称英语B词汇题部分:cheerful, graceful, abnormal

  2002年职称英语A词汇题部分:weary, exhaustive, fascinating, massive

  2003职称英语C词汇题部分:certain, boring, limited;

  2003职称英语B词汇题部分:manual, tender

  2003职称英语A词汇题部分: concise, unwilling;

  2004职称英语C词汇题部分:sure(certain), glorious(magnificent), severe (hard)

  2004职称英语B词汇题部分:content(satisfied), durable (long-lasting),

  2004职称英语A词汇题部分:absurd (odd), contaminated (polluted), prudent (sensible), renowned (well-known), weary (exhausted), dim (dark)

  从2002-2004年词汇题的出题情况来看,在15道词汇题中通常有2-6题是对形容词的考察。在04年的考题中增大了对形容词的考察比例。 B级和C级所考察的形容词基本上都是很常见的形容词,A级中考察的形容词大多数是也较常见的形容词,但是同时增加了通过派生法构成的形容词的考察(sensible,exhausted, contaminated )。

  副词性后缀:

  -ly “地”e.g. completely (complete + ly)完全地, really (real + ly)真正地

  -ward/-wards “向” e.g. backward (back + ward)向后, upward(up + ward)向上

  -wise “像的, 有。。特征”e.g. clockwise (clock + wise)顺时针的 , likewise (like + wise)同样地

  作为基本词汇的副词在职称英语的词汇考题中也是频繁出现(以综合类的考题为例):

  在2002年职称英语词汇题部分出现:rarely(C), deliberately(B);

  在2003年职称英语词汇题部分出现:evidently(C), up to now(B), accordingly(B), intimately(B), steadily (A)

  在2004年职称英语词汇题C级:highly (very), merely (just), lately (recently)

  在2004年职称英语词汇题B级:lately (recently), wholly (completely), notably (remarkably)

  在2004年职称英语词汇题A级:notably (remarkably)

  从上面对02年到04年词汇题中所考察的副词来看,词汇题通常有1-3个题是对副词进行考察, B级和C级所考察的副词通常都是常见的副词(包括程度副词e.g. highly,wholly, merely , 否定副词 e.g. rarely和逻辑副词e.g. accordingly), 在B级和A级的考题中增加了对通过派生法所形成的副词的考察。

  在复习中我们要掌握较常用有否定副词(如:not, nor, neither, never, rarely, hardly, scarcely, seldom, far from等),逻辑副词(如:however, moreover, therefore, otherwise等),还有作时间状语和地点状语的副词(如:here, there, today, yesterday, now等)等。在文章阅读部分主要对逻辑,程度副词,表示时间/地点副词进行考察。如:2003年理工类C级中的阅读理解题中:(London’s first light rail system)

  44. It appears that the Poplar to Straford section of the DLR route was originally developed to

  A. promote travel in the Midlands

  B. encourage trade with the North of England

  C. create employment

  D. make the transport of goods easier.

  分析: 在做阅读理解题时可以采取“特征词定位”的方法。问题句中的“the Poplar to Straford section of the DLR route”就是特征结构(包含专有名词),利用这个结构作为答案线索结构,同时注意问题句中的修饰词originally, 这样我们找到答案相关句: The Poplar to Stratford section of the DLR route was first (与问题句中的修饰词originally呼应)developed by the North London railway, built in the 1850s to link the west and east India docks(码头)with manufacturing districts of the Midlands and north of England.该划线结构揭示D(使货物的运输更加便捷)是答案。

  英语小常识: “辛苦了” Well done. That Was(You’ve got)a hard job.(干得不错,你辛苦了。)

  形容词(a.)

  考试中对形容词的考察除了直接考察形容词的词义以外,还考察形容词中所使用的例外情况。

  Exception1(例外1):

  修饰不定代词时,形容词要放在这些不定代词的后面。这样的代词通常在职称英语中出现的有:something, anything, nothing (e.g. something important/某件重要的事情; e.g. nothing important/没有什么重要的事情; e.g. anything important/任何重要的事情。

  Exception2(例外2):

  如果是形容词短语修饰名词(形容词后还带有其他成分,如:介词短语),则形容词短语应该放在所修饰的名词的后面,如: responsible for..对..负责的(e.g. the driver responsible for the car accident/应该对事故负责的司机

  补充:应该掌握的常见形容词短语(形容词+介词)

  1. absent from 缺席...

  2. abundant/rich in 富于...

  3. angry with sb/ at/about sth 对某人/某物生气,愤怒

  4. anxious about/for 忧虑...,担心...

  5. applicable to 适用于...

  6. ashamed of 羞愧于...

  7. aware of 意识到...

  8. capable of 能够...

  9. careful of/about/with小心...,注意...

  10. characteristic of ...是...所特有的

  11. close to 接近...

  12. comparable to/with 可同...比较

  13. conscious of察觉到...,意识到...

  14. content with 满足于...

  15. contrary to 违反...

  16. crazy about 热衷...,着迷...

  17. curious about对...好奇,想知道...

  18. doubtful of/about怀疑...

  19. equal to 等同于...

  20. (sth/sb..) familiar to sb 为...所熟悉

  ( sb. ) familiar with sth 熟悉...,通晓...

  21. fit for 适合...

  22. fond of 喜欢...

  23. free of/from 未受...;免于...

  24. guilty of 有...罪的

  25 ignorant of 不知道...

  26 indifferent to 对...无兴趣, 对...不关心

  27 inferior to 级别低于...,不如...

  28 liable to 易于...

  29 loyal to 忠于...

  30 next to 在...的下一个

  31 necessary to /for 对...必要的

  32 opposite to 在...对面

  33 open to 对...开放的

  34 particular about 挑剔...,讲究...

  35 parallel to 与...平等,类似...

  36 peculiar to ...是...独有的

  37 patient with 对...有耐心

  38 prior to 在...之前

  39 popular with 受...喜爱

  40 related to 与...有关

  41 responsible for对...负责

  42 sensitive to对...敏感

  43 sick/tired/weary of厌恶...,厌倦...

  44 short of 缺少...

  45 skilled at/in 善于...

  46 similar to 相似...

  47 subject to 受制于...,易于...

  48 superior to 优于...,级别高于...

  49 suitable for 适合于...

  50 suspicious of 怀疑...

  51 sure of/about对...有信心,确信...

  52 typical of...是...典型的,特有的

  53 tired of 对...不在感兴趣

  54 uncertain of/about不确知...

  55 unique to ...仅存在于...

  Exception3(例外3):

  不是所有的形容词都有比较级和最高级的形式,有些词已经含有“最/更..”的含义,这样的词就不能使用比较级(more + adj./adj. + (e)r)和最高级(most + adj./adj. + est), 这类的词有: excellent和perfect

  从形容词的修饰和描述的功能来说,形容词从句在句子中主要作定语,表语和补语。

  作定语 如:a red flower; a strong man;

  作表语 如:He is strong and clever.

  作补语

  能带形容词作补语的动词并不多,在复习中可以只记住这几个词:make, leave(让...处于...状态),set., keep如:set the birds free; leave the door open ; Keep the tree alive; make me happy

  对形容词的直接考察也可能出现在阅读理解题中,如“问作者对文章中所谈及的问题的态度如何”这类问题中,备选项往往都是形容词。在理工类的考试用书上有这样一篇文章:TV Shows and Long Bus Trips(文章难度B,C级),该文章后有这样的一道题:

  The writer thinks that the end of the ride is somewhat like the beginning because both are

  A. exciting B. comfortable C. tiring D. boring

  该题在文章中的相关语句是“The beginning of the ride is comfortable and somewhat exciting,..”和“The end of the ride is somewhat like the beginning. You know it will soon be over and there's a kind of expectation and excitement in that.” exciting 和excitement都与A呼应。

  这道题也可以借助生活经验直接判断答案:问题说“旅程的结束和旅程的开始有些相似是因为两者都...”, 从我们的生活经验来看, 一般旅途刚开始的时候我们都会觉得有些兴奋和快乐,因为这是一段行程的开始;而旅途开结束的时候我们也通常感到快乐和兴奋,因为漫长的旅途终于结束了,因此基本上可以推测A成为答案的可能性很大。

  提示:在解答阅读理解题时, 文章的主题如果贴近生活, 还可以直接借助生活常识和生活经历直接判断答案。

  英语小常识:英语中短语结构很多,通常短语的含义大致等同于其组成成分基本词义的组合,但是有些英语短语结构的含义与我们从字面含义的理解不一样, 因为这些短语常常可能带有某些特定的文化色彩。

  high school ≠高等学校 (high school (美国)中学(英国的中学叫 secondary school)

  black tea 红茶

  strong [weak] tea 浓[淡]茶]

  a white Christmas 有雪的圣诞节

  a white day 吉日

  a white night 不眠的一夜

  whole milk 全脂乳

  service station≠服务站

  service station (给汽车加油及进行简单维修的地方)

  Rest room ≠休息室

  在美国英语中,rest room是浴室、厕所的委婉说法

  汉语中的“休息室”应译为英语中的sitting room 或 lobby。

  副词(adv.)

  副词是修饰动词,形容词或其他副词的一类词。如:

  He is very strong. (修饰形容词)

  I love you very much. (修饰动词)

  He has finished the work completely well.(修饰副词)

  注意:very作为副词使用时修饰形容词(e.g. very strong)和副词(very much), 另外,very还可以用作形容词: e.g. The car exploded before my very eyes.(very作为形容词时是起强调的作用,可以翻译成“就是那个,正是那个,甚至”)

  Much 通常修饰动词:e.g. Things haven’t changed much; 修饰过去分词: e.g. He is much loved by his family. 修饰形容词/副词的比较级:e.g. The exam is much easier than expected. 修饰形容词/副词的最高级:e.g. The film is much the best thing he has played in.

  有一些特别的副词在考试中出现的频率也是较高的:pretty(作副词是“相当”), dead(作副词是“完全地”), still(还作形容词“静止的,平静的”)

  在英语文章中作为基本词汇的副词出现的频率较高,如下文:

  Why is the Native Language Learnt So Well *(文章难度B,C级)

  How(疑问副词) does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so(程度副词) well(描述性副词)? When (连词)we compare them with adults learning a foreign language, we often(频度副词)find this interesting fact. A little child without knowledge or experience often(频度副词)succeeds in a complete mastery of the language. A grown-up person with fully (程度副词)developed mental powers, in most case, may end up (副词)with a faulty and inexact command. What accounts for this difference?

  Despite other explanations, the real answer in my opinion lies partly(程度副词)in the child himself, partly(程度副词) in the behavior of the people around him. In the first place, the time of learning the mother tongue is the most (程度副词)favorable of all, namely, the first years of life. A child hears it spoken from morning till night and, what is more (程度副词)important, always (频度副词)in its genuine form, with the right pronunciation, right intonation, right use of words and right structure. He drinks in all the words and expressions, which come to him in a flash, ever-bubbling spring. There is no resistance: there is perfect assimilation.

  形容词/副词的比较级结构和最高级结构:

  比较级:more important/ more frequently

  最高级:most favorable/ most economically

  同级比较:as..as../the same..as.. /not so...as

  e.g. This apple is as big as that one.

  e.g. They work as hard as ever.

  e.g. I study at the same school as she (does).

  e.g. The idea is not so silly(愚蠢的) as it sounds.

  比较级:more..(than)..

  e.g. He always thinks that he is more important than we (are).

  e.g. This kind of accident happens more frequently than that kind (does).

  提示:than是起比较作用的连词,其后面的省略结构中出现代词的时候要注意根据比较对象来确定是主格还是宾格,以及所省略的助动词的形式。

  比较:

  e.g. I know you better than he. 我比他更了解你。

  e.g. I know you better than him. 同他相比较, 我更了解你。

  最高级:

  e.g. a most carefully prepared report

  e.g. a most important city

  副词和形容词都属于英语中的基本词汇,有时阅读理解的某些题其实就是间接得考察副词(包括副词性结构)的词义及其搭配结构。在上一篇文章的后面有这样一道判断题:

  The reason why children learn their mother tongue so well lies solely in their environment of learning.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  答案为B。问题句说“儿童母语学得好的原因完全是因为他们的学习环境。”。很容易察觉该问题句的说法太绝对(用了solely(完全地)这个副词),所以判断该句很可能是“错误”的。结合文章:

  How does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so well?...What accounts for this difference?

  Despite other explanations, the real answer in my opinion lies partly(部分地)in the child himself, partly(部分地) in the behavior of the people around him(学习环境).

  显然文章中的答案相关句是由两个partly(部分地)引出的两个理由,看来“儿童母语学得好的原因”不是由“唯一的一个理由”因素的,所以判断问题句“错误”。

  有些词以-ly结尾,却并不是副词,这样的词在职称英语复习中值得注意的有: sickly(多病的),deadly(致命的), friendly(友好的), weekly(每周的), monthly(每月的),(daily)每天的, (yearly)每年的。

  提示:名词+ ly构成形容词,形容词 + ly 构成副词

  还有一些副词它们的词义与词根的词义可能差别较大,如:

  badly:adv. 坏, 不良地, 恶劣地, 严重地, [口]非常, 迫切地

  e.g. He slept badly./他睡得不好。(“不好”是该词的本义--词根揭示的含义)

  e.g. The thieves' car was badly damaged./贼车被撞坏得很厉害。(“严重地” 就是该词的引申含义了,在这里badly = greatly)

  还有副词hard与 hardly的区别, high与 highly (通常在短语speak highly of(赞扬)和think highly of (尊重)中都是用副词highly)。

  l 职称英语核心词汇推荐:

  amaze v. 使惊奇;使吃惊(be amazed at sth. /对...感到惊奇);

  amazing adj. 令人吃惊的

  ambition n. 野心, 雄心, 抱负;

  ambitious adj. 野心勃勃的,有雄心的, 渴望的

  (A) amend v. 改正;修改;

  America n. 美洲, 美国(North [South] America/北[南]美洲; Central America/中美洲; Latin America/拉丁美洲; the United States of America/美利坚合众国(略作U. S. A.));

  American n. 美洲人, 美国人adj. 美洲的, 美国的(American English/美国英语);

  amount n. 数量v.(与to连用) 等于;总计;总计达;( large amounts of money /大量的金钱, amount to/ 共达, 等于);

  (A)ample adj. 丰富的,充足的,富裕的

  analyze v. 分析,分解;

  analysis n. 分析, 分解;

  ancient adj.远古的, 旧的(ancient history /古代历史);

  and conj. [连接并列的名词、代词或数词] 和, 与, 如: Father and I;[连接并列的形容词、副词]又, 而且, 如: Read slowly and loudly./读得既要慢些; [连接两个并列句]而, 而且, 如: I did not answer, and he, too, kept silent./ 我没有回答, (而)他也不作声;

  anger n. 愤怒, 怒气

  angle n. 角, 看问题的角度(consider all angles of the question /考虑这个问题的各方面);

  angry adj. 发怒的, 愤怒的, 生气的;

  animal adj.动物的;n. 动物

  announce v. 通告, 发表, 正式宣布;

  annoy v. 惹恼,打搅;使烦恼

  annual adj. 每年的, 年度的;

  another pron.另一个, 类似的一个adj. 又一, 另一( one after another/相继地);

  answer v. 回答, 响应n. 回答, 响应, 答案(answer the telephone/接电话; the answer to the question/问题的答案);

  anticipate v. 预期, 预料, 期待(anticipate sb.'s arrival/期待某人的到来);

  anxious adj. 忧虑的,不安的(about, for), 渴望的, 急切的(be anxious about./为...而忧虑; be anxious to do sth. /渴望做..; be anxious for sth./ 渴望有(得到));

  any pron. 任何一个, 无论哪一个, 哪些adj. 一些,什么(用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中)(in any case/无论如何);

  anybody pron. [用于否定句、疑问句、条件句]任何人, 无论谁[什么人] (如:Did you see anybody there?/ 你在那里看见了什么人了吗?);[用于肯定句]任何一个人(如:You may ask anybody here for help./你可以请求这里的任何人帮忙。);

  anyone pron. 任何人;无论谁;

  anything pron. [用于否定句、疑问句、条件句]任何东西, 任何事物 ,无论什么东西(事情) 如:Is there anything in that box? /在那盒子里有什么东西吗?(anything but/决不, 并不 ;如:I will do anything but go there./我决不到那里去, anything else/还有其他要说/做的事情;

  apart adv. 分开, 离开(three miles apart/相隔三英里; tear .. apart/把..拆开; apart from/除…外);

  apartment n. 公寓住宅

  apologize v. 道歉, 作为正式辩护或解辩(apologize to sb. for sth. [for doing sth.]/向某人为某事(为做了某事));

  词汇题解析:

  a) The train came to an abrupt stop, making us wonder where we were.

  A. slow B. noisy C. sudden D. jumpy

  C. 分析:借助划线词所在的局部搭配结构(..stop)确认答案。

  Jumpy—jump + y

  Noisy –nois (e) + y

  (考研, 1990)

  b) The book contained a large ___ of information.

  A. deal B. amount C. number D. sums

  分析: 该题考察近义词的辨析。

  deal n. 交易,买卖

  a great deal of/ a good deal of 大量的(修饰不可数名词/time)

  sum n.总数,总计,总额

  a large [small] sum of 巨[小]额的,大[小]量的

  large sums of 大量的


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