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2015年职称英语考试基础词汇重点解析：句子特点

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2015年05月31日

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　　职称英语考试基础词汇重点解析七

　　职称英语句子特点及英语基本句型职称英语句子结构特点：

　　04年理工类C级的考题(词汇题除外)：

　　阅读判断： New product will save lives，该文章在主题上与科技有关。

　　概括大意完成句子：Ford ，虽然这篇文章是人物介绍性的文章，但“装配线”一词已经明显地揭示了出题者选题的考虑，这篇文章还是与科技有关。

　　阅读理解：

　　sleepless at night，文章的主题涉及到社会和生活;

　　Florence Nightingale 这也是一篇人物介绍类的文章，文章的主题涉及到社会和生活;

　　Human space exploration ，这是一篇典型的科普文章。

　　补全短文：false fear of big fish ，这篇文章主题涉及到自然，环境方面的内容。

　　完型填空：migrant workers 移民工人，这篇文章的主题涉及到社会与文化。

　　结论：

　　理工类考题中出现的文章在主题选取上通常是科普类的;

　　卫生类考题中出现的文章在主题选取上通常与疾病与健康有关;

　　综合类考题中出现的文章在主题选取上通常涉及到社会文化方面;

　　文章的主题(题材)决定了文章的语言特点，如：

　　e.g. A well-dressed lady, who looked and talked like a Japanese, got off from the car.

　　这个句子的语言特点是句子结构口语话(句子结构简洁)，句中的词语是日常生活中的常见词。

　　e.g. The speech was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President's reasons for willing to begin a Japanese - American dialogue.

　　这个句子结构很正式，句子中使用了书面语中常见的名词性的结构，比较：

　　e.g. The speech indicates clearly and unemotionally the President's reasons for willing to begin a Japanese - American dialogue.

　　职称英语考试中出现的文章在语言上具有专业英语和科技英语的特点。专业英语和科技英语的特点是句子较长，句子结构比较复杂，可能涉及到多种语法结构(如：不定式，动名词，现在分词结构，过去分词结构，介词短语结构，插入语结构，各种从句结构等)，被动语态出现的频率也较高。

　　2003年综合C概括大意与完成句子部分的“最难句子”：

　　From Robots

　　Although industrial robots were originally developed as devices for simply handling 搬运objects, today their commonest uses are for more skilled work like welding (焊接), spray喷射-painting and assembling components.

　　句子基本结构：Although (简单句：被动语态结构) + 主句 (主语+系动词+ 表语)

　　句子中出现了被动语态的结构，介词短语结构出现频繁。句子中出现的词汇绝大多数都是常见的基本词汇。

　　2004年综合C概括大意与完成句子部分的“最难句子”：

　　From Fords

　　Instead of having workers put together the entire car, 组装整辆车，Ford’s friends, who were great toolmakers from Scotland, organized teams that added parts to each Model T as it moved down a line.

　　句子基本结构：状语(介词短语结构)+ 主句(主语+谓语+宾语，主句中还带有插入语的结构)

　　句子中出现了较多的从句结构，涉及到了定语从句和状语从句。

　　复杂的句子常常是考点设置的地方，这两个句子也与文章后面的问题直接/间接地相关：

　　在2003年的考题中“Although industrial robots …”是文章中一个段落,其中一道概括大意题就是针对这个段落设置的：问题问及这个段落的主题。

　　A. ongoing research ongoing – going on进行的

　　B. extension of use extend–extension 扩大

　　C. robot heroes

　　D. greater reliability great –greater; rely – reliable –reliability可靠性

　　E. falling demand fall –falling下降的

　　F. hidden danger hide –hidden 隐藏的

　　根据刚才我们对句意的分析, 答案应该是B. 也可以走捷径: 句子“Although industrial robots were originally developed as devices for simply handling 搬运objects, today their commonest uses are for more skilled work like welding (焊接), spray喷射-painting and assembling components.”的主要内容应该是通过主句内容反映出来, 主句结构是: today their commonest uses are for more skilled work like welding (焊接), spray喷射-painting and assembling components 这个结构的主语中出现了“uses(用途)”，句子中的中文注释“焊接”和“skilled work(技巧性的工作)”都在提示我们这个句子很可能在谈论机器人的用途。

　　提示：段落/句子核心词反映段落/句子的主题。

　　2004年的概括大意题也是对间接地涉及到了对“Instead of …”这个句子的考察。有一道概括大意题考察“Instead of …”所在段落的主题。这道题也可以走捷径：

　　The company’s assembly line alone threw America’s Industrial Revolution into overdrive(高速运转) . Instead of having workers put together the entire car, 组装整辆车，Ford’s friends, who were great toolmakers from Scotland, organized teams that added parts to each Model T as it moved down a line. By the time Ford’s Highland Park plant was humming(嗡嗡作响) along in 1914, the world’s first automatic conveyor belt could turn out a car every 93 minutes.

　　这个段落一共有三个句子, 其中第2句中出现了Ford’s friends(Ford的朋友), 这个短语揭示第2句是一个细节句, 第3句中出现了具体的时间(in 1914), 这也表明第3句是细节句, 所以判断该段的第一句是主题句, 该句中出现了“assembly line”，因此判断B是答案。该句说“光是公司的装配线就把美国的工业革命投入到了高速运转之中”。

　　提示：段落的主题句直接揭示段落的主题。

　　--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

　　职称英语的长句子可能带有较多的附属结构如：动名词结构，不定式结构，分词结构，介词短语结构，从句结构等，而且该可能出现从句套从句的结构。尤其是在B级和A级的考题中，甚至在一段文字中也可能会同时出现较多的复杂句子结构。如理工类Mobile Phone(B级：2002年理工类阅读理解考题)中的第一段：

　　Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. "Nobody's going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more information," Robert

　　Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. "If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised," he said.

　　职称英语的句子结构特点归纳如下:

　　1.长句子结构复杂: 句子中从句, 介词短语结构, 不定式结构, 分词结构等出现频繁，如：

　　(2002年卫生类C级考题概括大意与完成句子：Health Education)

　　In health education we must work with families, communities, and even regional

　　状语主语谓语

　　and national authorities to make sure that resources and support are available

　　目的状语

　　to enable each individual to lead a healthy life.

　　(2003年理工C阅读理解文章Eta Carinae)

　　The problem in observing Eta Carinae is that it has been surrounded by a cloud of gas

　　表语从句

　　and dust, making it hard to see the star directly.

　　分词结构作表语从句中的结果状语

　　句中还出现了形式宾语的结构: making it hard to see the star directly

　　(2004年综合C阅读理解文章Home Heating)

　　Home heating, which accounts for less than 7 percent of all energy consumed in the U.S., has had a commendable (值得赞扬的) efficiency record: from 1978 to 1997, the amount of fuel consumed for this purpose declined 44 percent despite a 33 percent increase in the number of housing units and an increase in house size.

　　2.代词/冠词结构使用频繁, 有时指代关系较复杂, 而且常常是考点设置的地方, 如：

　　(2002年综合类C级考题阅读理解：A thirsty World)

　　The world is not only hungry, it is also thirsty(渴望的 (for) )for water. This may seems strange to you, since nearly 75% of the earth's surface is covered with water. But about 97% of this huge amount is sea-water, or salt water, man can only drink and use the other 3% - the fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes, underground, and other sources.

　　问题: The phrase “the world” in the first line of the passage refers to

　　A. you

　　B. man

　　C. woman

　　D. they

　　文章要读到“man can only drink and use the other 3%..”(该句说人类只能饮用其余的3%, 显然这说明了人类缺水, 因此人类渴望水, 这样该句的内容与the world所在的句子在内容上呼应, 对比这两个句子的内容判断B是答案. )才能让人读出“The world”的具体所指代的内容。

　　(2003年综合类C级考题概括大意完成句子：Robots)

　　It is estimated that 20% of all comic book heroes in Japan are robots. This is an enormous number because comics are so popular that they make up a third of all material published in Japan.

　　这个句子中出现了三个代词: 形式主语it; 指示代词this(指代“20% of all comic book heroes in Japan”) they (指代comics)

　　3.被动语态出现频繁，如：

　　(2002年卫生类B级考题阅读理解：Natural Medicine)

　　Experts say almost 80% of the people in the world use plants for health care. These natural medicines are used not just because people have no other form of treatment. They are used because people trust them.

　　(2003年综合类C级考题阅读理解：New Foods and The New World)

　　According to an Arabic legend, coffee was discovered when a person named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red berries on a coffee bush.

　　4.句子虽然不长，但有时附属结构的语法功能较难辨别，如：

　　(2002年综合类B级考题阅读判断：Norwich)

　　Today, in comparison with places like London or Manchester, Norwich is quite small, with

　　介词短语作状语

　　a population of around 150,000.

　　介词短语作定语

　　(2004年卫生类B级考题阅读理解：Global Cancer rates to rise by 50% by 2020)

　　Once considered a “western” disease, the report highlights that more than 50 percent of the world’s

　　过去分词结构作状语

　　cancer burden, in terms of both numbers of cases and deaths, already occurs in developing countries. 介词短语结构作状语

　　(供学员自己阅读)读长句子时，建议采用以下的步骤：

　　1. 仔细阅读全句，抓住句子的主干结构;

　　2. 找出句子中的所有从属成分，包括从句，短语结构，非谓语动词结构等;

　　3. 分析从属成分的语法功能，判断它们与句子主干结构之间的相互关系;注意指示代词，插入语等成分的辨认;

　　如：

　　(2002年综合类A级阅读理解：Effects of Environmental Pollution)

　　Perhaps the most commonly experienced aerosol is industrial smog of the

　　主语谓语表语

　　kind that plagued London in the 1950s and is an even greater problem in Los

　　定语从句并列谓语表语状语

　　Angels today.

　　(2003年综合类A级阅读理解：”Salty rice plant boosts harvest”)

　　To overcome these problems, Flowers and Yeo decided to breed rice plants that take in

　　不定式结构作目的状语主语谓语状语

　　very little salt and store what they do absorb in cells that do not affect the plants’ growth.

　　定语从句(宾语从句+ 定语从句)

　　l 英语的基本句型

　　Ⅰ、主语+系动词+表语(SVP)(S—subject; V—verb; P--predicative)

　　e.g. The flowers are red.

　　主语系动词表语(形容词)

　　e.g. I am a worker.

　　主语系动词表语(名词)

　　e.g. The book is on the table.

　　主语系动词表语

　　e.g. The truth is that he is a liar说谎的人.

　　主语系动词表语

　　e.g. He looks like his father.

　　主语半系动词表语

　　e.g. What I want to know is when you will leave for Beijing?

　　主语系动词表语

　　e.g. It is important for him to be careful.

　　主语系动词表语真正主语

　　Ⅱ、主语+谓语(不及物动词)(SV)

　　e.g. He has come back. 不及物动词后带作状语的副词

　　主语谓语

　　e.g. They laughed at him. 不及物动词后带作状语的介词短语

　　主语谓语

　　laugh at 1. 因…而发笑 (e.g. laugh at a joke 听了笑话而发笑); 2. 嘲笑

　　Ⅲ、主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语(SVO)(O--object)

　　e.g. We had some bread and eggs for breakfast . for表示目的，作为早餐

　　主语谓语宾语状语

　　e.g. I like reading English at home.

　　主语谓语动名词结构作宾语状语

　　e.g. We have leant that you would visit your parents tomorrow.

　　主语谓语宾语从句

　　Ⅳ、主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOO)

　　e.g. He gave me a book.

　　主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语

　　e.g. They informed us that they might be 20 minutes late.

　　主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语

　　Ⅴ、主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+补足语(SVOC)(C--complement)

　　e.g. We considered him to a top student.

　　主语谓语宾语宾语补足语

　　e.g. The news made him very happy.

　　主语谓语宾语宾语补足语

　　e.g. They find it difficult to answer the question.

　　主语谓语宾语宾语补足语真正的宾语

　　补充：某些及物动词除要求带宾语外，有时还需要有一个成分补充说明该宾语的动作、状态、特征等，意思才完整，这个成分就是宾语补足语。

　　e.g. We leave the door open

　　主语谓语宾语宾语补足语

　　能用于“主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+补足语(SVOC)”结构的动词不多，常见的有：

　　set: e.g. set the bird free; 使处于某种状态

　　make: e.g. make me happy;

　　keep: e.g. keep the trees alive; 使…保持着(某种状态)

　　leave: e.g. leave the boy without care and support; 使…处于某种状态

　　补充：

　　Without: perp.没有;不

　　e.g. They have endured three days without food or water. (没有)

　　e.g. Close the door without making any noise, please. (不)

　　还有一种存在句型: there be 的句型

　　e.g. There is something wrong here.

　　e.g. There are two people over there.

　　英语句子中的几个基本句式:陈述句，疑问句，感叹句和祈使句。陈述句分为肯定句和否定句，陈述句和否定句(在be动词后加not或在助动词后加not)是我们最为熟悉的句式，最常见的结构。

　　e.g. He is a worker. 其否定句是：He is not a worker.

　　e.g. He likes English. 其否定句：He doesn't like English.

　　疑问句分为一般疑问句，特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。一般疑问句就是把be动词或助动词提到句首，

　　e.g. Is he a worker?

　　e.g. Does he like English?

　　而特殊疑问句就是在句子是由特殊疑问代词或疑问副词引导，

　　e.g. what do you like?

　　e.g. Where are you going?

　　反意疑问句由前后两部分组成，若前一部分用肯定式，后部分用否定式;若前一部分用否定式，后一部分用肯定式。反意疑问句句尾由“助动词+代词”构成。

　　e.g. He is a student, isn’t he?

　　e.g. He likes English, doesn’t he?

　　e.g. He cannot speak English, can he?

　　Ø 职称英语核心词汇推荐:

　　audience n. 听众, 观众, 读者(a large audience/很多观众);

　　August n.八月(略作Aug);

　　aunt n. 伯母, 婶母, 舅母, 阿姨;

　　Australia n. 澳大利亚，澳洲:

　　(B级)authentic adj. 可信的, 可靠的, 真正的

　　author n. 作家, 著者(best author畅销书作者; joint author/合著者);

　　authority n. 权威, 权力, 权势, [pl.]当局, 负责人;

　　automatic adj.自动的,机械的;

　　automobile n.汽车，小汽车;

　　autumn n. 秋, 秋季(美国普通称fall) (in autumn/在秋天; in (the)late autumn/在晚[深]秋);

　　available adj.可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的(be available for use/可加以利用);

　　average n.平均, 平均水平, 平均数 adj.通常的, 平均的v.平均为, 均分,达到平均水平(above the average/在一般水平以上, below the average/在一般水平以下, on the [an] average/平均);

　　avoid n. 避免; 回避;

　　awake v. 唤起，叫醒, 激起, 〔用作表语〕醒着的

　　aware adj. [用作表语]知道的; 意识到的(be aware of/知道, 意识到; be aware that .../发觉, 注意到);

　　away adv. 离开, 远离 (Go away!/走开!; keep away from../与..保持距离; run away/逃掉; take sth. away/拿走; right away/立刻, 马上; far away/在远处) ;

　　awful adj. 可怕的, 极坏的

　　(B级)awkward adj. 笨拙的, 难使用的, 尴尬的, (in an awkward situation处境困难)

　　baby n.婴儿; 幼小动物

　　back n. 背，背部, 后面adv. 向后, 在后面v. 向后退,支持，援助adj. 早已过去的, 后面的(back and forth/往返;来回; go back to .../回到原来状况，回原处; put (或 turn) the clock back /倒拨时钟; go back on/食言; a back issue magazine /过期杂志; back seat /后座; back up/支持，援助);

　　background n. 背景, (个人出身、受教育)经历 (background music /背景音乐);

　　backward(s) adj. 向后的, 相反的adv. 向后地;

　　(B级)bacterium n. (pl. bacteria ) 细菌〔单数不常用〕

　　bad (worse, worst) adj.劣质的, 有害的, 坏的(be bad for ... /对..有害; have a bad cold 得重感冒; go bad/变质不能食用);

　　badly adv. 坏, 不良地, 严重地, [口]非常;

　　balance n. 天平, 秤, 平衡 ( keep balance/保持平衡; lost balance/失去平衡; strike a balance between .../在..之间取得平衡; be off balance/不稳);

　　(A级)bald adj. 秃(头)的, 无毛的

　　ball n.球, 舞会;

　　ban (banned; banning) n./v. 禁止, 取缔 (lay [put] (a) ban on../禁止(某事); lift [remove] the ban (on)/(对...)解禁);

　　bank n.银行, 堤, 岸;

　　bankrupt n.破产者 adj.破产了的( go bankrupt/破产);

　　bar 酒吧间, 条(形码) (bar code/条形码; behind bars/在监狱服刑);