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薄冰英语语法 第十四章 句子(1-6)

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  第十四章 句子

  14.1 句子的定义

  句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调,用以表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开头第一个字母要大写,句子末尾要有句号、问号或感叹号。如:

  (1)The foundation of democracy is the will of the people to preserve liberty. 民主的基础就是人民维护自由的意愿。

  (2)What motives governed his actions? 是什么动机支配他的行动的?

  (3)This concerto is great! 这支协奏曲真好!

  14.2 句子的种类和类型

  句子按其用途可分为四个种类。

  1)陈述句(declarative sentence),用以陈述事实。如:

  (1)The daisy is a common flower in English fields. 雏菊在英格兰大地上是一种常见的花。

  (2)I don’t care what she thinks. 我不在乎她想什么。

  2)疑问句(interrogative sentence),用以提出问题。如

  (3)Your friend is a doctor, isn’t he? 你的朋友是个医生,对吗?

  (4)When do we meet again? 我们什么时候再见面?

  3)祈使句(imperative sentence)用以表示命令、请求等。如:

  (5)Have a good sleep and think it over. 好好睡一觉,再仔细考虑一下。

  (6)Let the meat cook slowly. 把肉用文火煮。

  4)感叹句(exclamatory sentence)用以表示各种强烈的感情。如:

  (7)What a coincidence to meet in San Francisco! 在旧金山见面真是一种巧合!

  (8)The noise will deafen us all! 该噪声会使我们大家耳聋的!

  句子按其结构可分为四种型式:

  1)简单句(simple sentence),由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。如:

  (9)The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end. 这次火灾是一根烟头造成的。

  (10)He asked to see the chief of the tribe. 他求见这个部落的酋长。

  2)并列句(compound sentence),由两个或两个以上的分句组成。如:

  (11)Cotton is falling in price, and buyers hold off. 棉花正在落价,可买主仍犹豫不决。

  (12)Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pie. 亨利喜欢吃草莓馅饼,可是他妻子却经常烤苹果馅饼。

  3)复合句(complex sentence),由主句和其它从句组成。如:

  (13)I have to hurry to deposit this money before the band closes. 我得赶在银行关门前把这笔钱存起来。

  (14)He was an oldish man who wore thick glasses. 他年纪大了,戴着很深的眼镜。

  4)并列复合句(compound complex sentence),即含有复合句的并列句。如:

  (15)The ad said that the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22. 广告说这件外衣卖20美元,可它实际上是22美元。

  (16)I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it. 我问一个有妻子和三个孩子的人,他家谁做饭;他回答说,谁先下班回来,谁就做饭。

  14.3 句子的成分

  句子由各个组成部分构成,这些组成部分叫做句子的成分(members of the sentence)。总的来说,句子皆由两大部分组成。一是主语部分(subject group),一是谓语部分(predicate group)。如:

  (1)The People’s Republic of China was born in 1949. 中华人民共和国成立于1949年。

  句中的the People’s Republic of China即是主语部分,was born in 1949即是谓语部分。但句子的成分要比句子的两大部分更加明确具体,可分为主语、谓语(或谓语动词)、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、独立成分等。如:

  (2)The weather was quite nice. 天气相当好。(weather是主语,nice是表语,quite是状语)

  (3)I need a quiet room to study in. 我需要一间安静的屋子进行学习。(need是谓语或谓语动词,room是宾语,quiet是定语)

  (4)In a fierce shootout five criminals were shot dead. 在一次猛烈交火中,五个罪犯被打死。(dead是主语补语)

  (5)Unfortunately, he had his watch stolen. 很不幸,他的表被偷了。(unfortunately是独立成分,stolen是宾语补语)

  词类与句子的成分不同。前者纯指单词的分类,后者则指词类、短语、从句等在句子中的功能。词类中也只有具有实义的词类,如名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词和副词等,才可用作句子的成分。其它无实义的虚词,如冠词、连词和介词,则不可用作句子的成分。

  14.4 主语

  主语(subject)是一个句子的主题(theme),是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。

  1)名词用作主语。如:

  (1)A tree has fallen across the road. 一株树倒下横在路上。

  (2)Little streams feed big rivers. 小河流入大江。

  2)代词用作主语。如:

  (3)You’re not far wrong. 你差不多对了。

  (4)He told a joke but it fell flat. 他说了一个笑话,但没有引人发笑。

  3)数词用作主语。如:

  (5)Three’s enough. 三个就够了。

  (6)Four from seven leaves three. 7减去4余3。

  4)名词化的形容词用作主语。如:

  (7)The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。

  (8)Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。

  5)副词用作主语。如:

  (9)Now is the time. 现在是时候了。

  (10)Carefully does it. 小心就行。

  6)名词化的介词用作主语。如:

  (11)The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我们必须承受人生沉浮。

  7)不定式用作主语。如:

  (12)To find your way can be a problem. 你能否找到路可能是一个问题。

  (13)It would be nice to see him again. 如能再见到他,那将是一件愉快的事。

  8)动名词用作主语。如:

  (14)Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。

  (15)Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 看电影是乐事,制作影片则是苦事。

  9)名词化的过去分词用作主语。如:

  (16)The disabled are to receive more money. 残疾人将得到更多的救济金。

  (17)The deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。

  10)介词短语用作主语。如:

  (18)To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。

  (19)From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 从延安到南泥湾骑马要走三小时。

  11)从句用作主语。如:

  (20)Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你不论什么时候准备都行。

  (21)Because Sally wants to leave doesn’t mean that we have to. 不能说因为萨利要走因而我们也得走。

  12)句子用作主语。如:

  (22)“How do you do?” is a greeting. “你好!”是一句问候语。

  主语可由一个以上的名(代)词等构成,这种主语可唤作并列主语。如:

  (23)He and I are old friends. 我和他是老朋友。

  (24)The Party and government show great concern for our welfare. 党和政府非常关怀我们的生活。

  英语常用无人称的名词作主语。如:

  (25)A gun wounded him. 有人用枪打伤了他。

  (26)The happy news brought them all to my home. 他们听到这好消息后就都来到我的家。

  英语还常表示时间、地点的词用作主语。如:

  (27)Today is your last lesson in French. 今天是你们最后一堂法文课。

  (28)Tian An Men Square first saw the raising of our five-star red flag on October 1st, 1949. 1949年10月1日天安门广场上升起了我们的第一面五星红旗。

  和汉语一样,英语的主语有时用得不合逻辑。如:

  (29)The kettle is boiling. 水壶开了。

  (30)My tent sleeps four people. 我的帐篷睡四个人。

  有时为了强调或补充,在口语中,说话人往往用名词(或代词)重复主语。如:

  (31)He is nice man, your friend Johnson. 他是个好人,你的朋友约翰逊。

  (32)The poison it has worked. 那毒药,它起作用了。

  (33)To see you after such a long time, that was good. 过了这么久又见到你,这太好了。

  有时重复主语的名词(或代词)可带有be,have或助动词。如:

  (34)It went too far, your game did. 太过分了,你耍的花招太过分了。

  (35)He was happy, he was. 他真快乐,真快乐。(he was亦可单独成句,变为He was)

  [注]注意在Lion hunter,snake handler,midwife and cook—he has been all those and more.(猎狮人、耍蛇人、接生者和厨师,这些以及其它职业,他都干过。)这一句中的前四个名词不是主语而是外位成分。

  14.5 谓语

  谓语(predicate)或谓语动词( predicate verb)的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。

  由简单动词构成的谓语有如:

  (1)What happened? 发生了什么事?

  (2)I doubt it. 我对此抱怀疑态度。

  (3)He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。

  短语动词亦是简单动词,如:

  (4)The plane took off at ten o’clock. 飞机是十点起飞的。

  由动词短语构成的谓语有如:

  (5)I am reading. 我在看书。(由助动词am和现在分词reading构成)

  (6)I don’t happen to know. 我并不知道。(由助动词do的否定式和动词原形happen构成)

  (7)What’s been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着?(由助动词has been和现在分词keeping构成)

  (8)You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。(由情态动词can和动词原形do构成)

  (9)We were beaten by their team. 我们败给他们的队了。(由助动词were和过去分词beaten构成)

  英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词,以表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have,get,take,give等。如:

  (10)I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水。(had a swim代替了swam)

  (11)Take a look at that! 你看看那个!(take a look代替了 look)

  (12)He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。(gave a sigh 代替了sighed)

  (13)I got a good shake-up. 我受到了很大的震动。(a good shake-up代替了shake-up thoroughly)

  14.6 表语

  表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。这位于连系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中,连系动词只是形式上的谓语,而真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以用作表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。

  1)名词用作表语。如:

  (1)It’s a pity that we shall be a little late. 令人遗憾的是我们将要迟到一会儿。(连系动词是is)

  (2)He because king when he was a child. 他在儿时就当了国王。(连系动词是because)

  (3)This student will make a good teacher. 这个学生会成为一位良好的教师。(连系动词是make)

  表时间和地点的名词可用作表语,其前的连系动词be意谓“发生”、“存在”等。如:

  (4)The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行。

  (5)Nobody can be two places at once. 无人可以同时存在于两地。

  注意下面句子中的系表结构:

  (6)She was all ears when I told her the story. 我给她讲这个故事时,她聚精会神地听。(类似的结构还有:be all attention注意力很集中,be all smiles满脸笑容)

  下面句子中用作表语的名词具有抽象概念,相当于形容词:

  (7)He was fool enough to spend all the money at once. 他真傻,把钱一下子全花了。

  (8)He was master of the situation. 他能掌握局势。

  名词’s属格亦可用作表语。如:

  (9)That hat must be Tom’s. 那帽子一定是汤姆的。

  2)代词用作表语。如:

  (10)So that’s that. 就是这样。

  (11)She is very tired and looks it. 她很累了,并已显出来了。

  (12)Whose is that sweater? 那件毛衣是谁的?

  3)数词用作表语。如:

  (13)We are seven. 我们一共7人。

  (14)I’ll be twenty-four in May. 到5月我将24岁。

  4)形容词用作表语。如:

  (15)Are you busy? 你有空吗?

  (16)Please feel free to say what you really think. 请随便谈谈你的真实想法吧。

  (17)He will not rest content with these victories. 他决不满足于这些胜利。

  注意下面句子中的系表结构:

  (18)Our dream has come true. 我们的梦想实现了。(come作为连系动词还常后接easy,loose,natural等)

  (19)Her skin went brown in the sun. 她的皮肤晒黑了。(go作为连系动词还常后接mad,hungry,bad,wrong,blind等)

  (20)He fell sick. 他病了。(fall作为连系动词还常后接asleep,flat,short,ill,silent等)

  (21)Keep fit. 保重。(keep作为连系动词还常后接quiet,calm,cool,well,warm,silent,clean,dry等)

  (22)The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。(run作为连系动词还常后接short,loose,wild,cold等)

  5)副词用作表语。如:

  (23)Are you there? 你听着吗?(电话用语)

  (24)Is anybody in? 里面有人吗?

  (25)My day’s work is over. 我这一天的工作做完了。

  6)不定式用作表语。如:

  (26)All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。

  (27)My answer to his threat was to hit him on toe nose. 我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。

  (28)To have knowledge is to know the true from the false, and high things from low. 求知就是辨别真伪与高卑。

  连系动词seem,appear等常后接不定式to be,以加强连系动词的力量。如:

  (29)A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 一个瘦个子总似乎比他的实际高度要高些。

  (30)The verdict appears to be just. 判决似乎是公正的。

  7)动名词用作表语。如:

  (31)Complimenting is lying. 恭维即是说谎。

  (32)Is that asking so much? 这是要的高了吗?

  (33)Crowning “stars” among literary upstarts is killing them. 把所谓“明星”捧作文坛新贵即是扼杀他们。

  8)分词用作表语。如:

  (34)It’s surprising that you haven’t met. 真想不到你们未见过面。(surprising是现在分词)

  (35)I was so much surprised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。(surprised是过去分词)

  (36)I’m very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所干的活很满意。(pleased是过去分词)

  (37)I feel inclined to agree. 我倾向于同意。(be或feel inclined可看作是固定搭配)

  9)介词短语用作表语。如:

  (38)She is in good health. 她很健康。

  (39)They appear out of breath. 他们似乎喘不过气来了。

  (40)The show is from seven till ten. 演出时间为7点至10点。

  介词of表“具有”时,其短语亦常用作表语。如:

  (41)I’m quite of your opinion. 我完全同意你的意见。

  (42)It appears of no value. 它似乎没有价值。

  引导表语的介词of还常后接age,benefit,birth,charm,consequence,harm,importance,interest,kind,nature,origin,quality,significance,stock,type等。

  10)从句用作表语。如:

  (43)Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因吗?

  (44)That is what he means. 这就是他的意思。

  (45)This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面的地方。

  (46)My strongest memory is when I attended a Chinese wedding. 我最深的印象是我参加一次中国婚礼的情景。


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