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托福阅读段落的基本结构

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2019年04月16日

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  先来看一个例子,TPO4 Cave Art in Europe 第4段:

  The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals.

  段落第1句说明:也许研究者所做研究的结果更清楚地揭示了法国西南部的岩洞画的特殊象征性意义。这是本段关键句。

  第2句摆事实,说明研究显示绘画者喜欢食用的动物或喜欢用作兽皮的动物是岩洞画中经常被描绘的动物。第3句是例子,对第2句的事实进行论证。

  第4句中In addition提示这句话和前面的某句话是并列的,根据内容可看出和第2句并列,也是摆事实,第5句是第4句的一个例证。

  第6句中的Thus提示这是一个结果句或者说是总结句,句子表明岩洞艺术与打猎的重要性有关,是对上面第2-5句的总结句。

  第7句其实和第6句是并列的,可以从“Consistent with this idea ”看出来,这句话说明旧石器时代晚期的文化期的艺术也反映了人们如何得到食物;第8句则转折,说出一个事实。

  通过以上对于段落的总结,考生可以看出段落的简单架构:

  第一部分:主旨句

  第二部分:事实、例子(或者是多个并列的事实和例子)

  第三部分:总结句

  其实,根据经验,托福阅读段落大都有这一基本结构,只是对于不同段落,可能或多或少地加入一些“多余”的进一步解释等信息。考生要识别这些并不重要的信息,高效找到段落重点。


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