联合国气候大会达成巴黎协定实施细则

UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, executive secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Patricia Espinosa and UN special envoy for the 2019 climate summit Luis Alfonso de Alba attend a meeting with representatives of various NGO organisations before the final session of the COP24 UN Climate Change Conference 2018 in Katowice, Poland, Dec 14, 2018. [Photo/Agencies]

Negotiators from nearly 200 countries on Saturday agreed on a package of the implementation guidelines, or a common rulebook of the landmark 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change.

当地时间15日，近200个国家的谈判人员一致通过了2015年《巴黎协定》关于气候变化的一套实施细则。

本次大会通过的实施细则主要包括：

guidelines that will operationalize the transparency framework;

透明框架的实施原则;

how countries will provide information about their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that describe their domestic climate actions;

各国在气候行动方面的自主贡献信息如何提供;

climate mitigation and adaptation measures as well as details of financial support for climate action in developing countries;

气候减缓与适应举措以及发展中国家气候行动方面的资金援助细则;

guidelines that relate to the process for establishing new targets on finance from 2025 onwards to follow-on from the current target of mobilizing 100 billion US dollars per year from 2020 to support developing countries;

2025年以后资金援助新目标的确立流程原则，目前制定的目标是从2020年起每年向发展中国家提供1000亿美元的资金援助;

how to assess progress on the development and transfer of technology to developing countries to help them adapt to climate challenges.

帮助发展中国家应对气候挑战的技术发展和迁移进度如何评估。

《巴黎协定》是什么?

《巴黎协定》(Paris Agreement)是在巴黎出席气候大会的195国谈判代表在2015年12月12日达成的历史上首个关于气候变化的全球性协定。

《巴黎协定》共29条，包括目标、减缓、适应、损失损害、资金、技术、能力建设、透明度、全球盘点等内容。2020年后，各国将以“国家自定贡献”(nationally determined contribution)的方式参与全球应对气候变化行动。

长远目标(the long-term goal)：确保全球平均气温较前工业化水平升高控制在2摄氏度之内(make sure the global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels)，并为把升温控制在1.5摄氏度之内“付出努力”("pursue efforts" to limit the temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius)。

减排目标(emissions targets)：与会各方同意每隔5年重新设定各自的减排目标(set national targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions every five years)。目前已有180多个国家和地区提交了从2020年起始的五年期限内减排目标。

评估目标(reviewing targets): 与会各方今后4年内重新评估各自的减排目标，以便适时做出调整。

透明度(transparency)：要求缔约方汇报各自的温室气体排放情况以及减排进展，但赋予发展中国家适度“弹性”(flexibility)。

资金(money): 要求发达国家继续向发展中国家提供资金援助，从而帮助后者减少碳排放以及适应气候变化(wealthy countries should continue to offer financial support to help poor countries reduce their emissions and adapt to climate change)。

损失破坏(loss and damage)：该协定 “承认”损失和破坏的内容，主要是针对由气候变化引发的灾难(recognizing "loss and damage" associated with climate-related disasters)。