国际关系英语词汇大全Unit 52

　　英语单词讲解 unit 52

　　1.Erasmus

　　Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (27 October 1466 – 12 July 1536), known as Erasmus of Rotterdam, or simply Erasmus, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian.Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style. Amongst humanists, he enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists"; he has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists". Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. These raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also wrote On Free Will, The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus, and many other works.

　　1.伊拉斯谟

　　德西德里乌斯·伊拉斯谟(又译埃拉斯默斯，史学界俗称鹿特丹的伊拉斯谟)，生于约1466年10月27日，卒于1536年7月12日)，是中世纪尼德兰(今荷兰和比利时)著名的人文主义思想家和神学家。伊拉斯谟是一个用“纯正”拉丁语写作的古典学者。伊拉斯谟对宗教改革领袖马丁·路德的思想有巨大的影响，路德钦佩并渴望结交伊拉斯谟。可是后来马丁·路德与伊拉斯谟交恶，马丁·路德发表了《论意志的捆绑》来反驳他，此后伊拉斯谟公开指责马丁路德的文章为野蛮的书。尽管伊拉斯谟终生都是一个天主教徒，但他尖锐地批评了当时他认为骄奢过度的罗马天主教会，甚至拒绝接受后者授予的枢机职位。在《论死亡之准备》一文中，他声明了自己的观点——永久生命的保证不在于教堂中的圣礼和仪式，仅在于对基督赎罪的信念。伊拉斯谟整理翻译了《圣经·新约全书》新拉丁文版和希腊文版。他创作的作品有《愚人颂》，《基督教骑士手册》和《论儿童的教养》等等。他在2004年票选最伟大的荷兰人当中，排名第五，次于排名第四的雷文虎克。

　　2.Ludwig Feuerbach

　　Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach (July 28, 1804 – September 13, 1872) was a German philosopher and anthropologist best known for his book The Essence of Christianity, which provided a critique of Christianity which strongly influenced generations of later thinkers, including both Karl Marx and Frederich Engels.An associate of Left Hegelian circles, Feuerbach advocated liberalism, atheism and materialism. Many of his philosophical writings offered a critical analysis of religion. His thought was influential in the development of dialectical materialism, where he is often recognized as a bridge between Hegel and Marx.

　　2.路德维希·安德列斯·费尔巴哈

　　路德维希·安德列斯·费尔巴哈(1804年7月28日-1872年9月13日)，德国哲学家。出生于拜恩州(巴伐利亚)下拜恩区的首府兰茨胡特，死于同一州的纽伦堡，是德国法学家保罗·约翰·安森·封·费尔巴哈的第四个儿子。费尔巴哈先在的海德堡大学学习神学，受到当时教授的影响，对黑格尔的哲学感兴趣，不顾父亲的反对，到柏林跟随黑格尔学习哲学，两年后，他成为“青年黑格尔学派”的成员。费尔巴哈对反基督教的政论家有很大的影响，他的某些观点在德国教会和政府的斗争中被一些极端主义者接受。对卡尔·马克思的影响也很大，虽然马克思并不赞同他观点中的机械论，马克思曾写过《费尔巴哈论纲》，批判他形而上学的唯物主义。主要著作有《黑格尔哲学批判》和《基督教的本质》等。

　　3.Benjamin Franklin

　　Benjamin Franklin FRS (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and in many ways was "the First American". A renowned polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphia's fire department and a university.

　　3.本杰明·富兰克林

　　本杰明·富兰克林(1706年1月17日-1790年4月17日)，出生于美国麻省波士顿，是美国著名政治家、科学家，同时亦是出版商、印刷商、记者、作家、慈善家;更是杰出的外交家及发明家。他是美国革命时重要的领导人之一，参与了多项重要文件的草拟，并曾出任美国驻法国大使，成功取得法国支持美国独立。本杰明·富兰克林曾经进行多项关于电的实验，并且发明了避雷针。他还发明了双焦点眼镜，蛙鞋等等。本杰明·富兰克林是共济会的成员，被选为英国皇家学会院士。他亦是美国首位邮政局长。