国际关系英语词汇大全Unit 66

　　Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and the third President of the United States (1801–1809). He was a spokesman for democracy, and embraced the principles of republicanism and the rights of the individual with worldwide influence. At the beginning of the American Revolution, he served in the Continental Congress, representing Virginia, and then served as a wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781). In May 1785, he became the United States Minister to France and later the first United States Secretary of State (1790–1793) serving under President George Washington. In opposition to Alexander Hamilton's Federalism, Jefferson and his close friend, James Madison, organized the Democratic-Republican Party, and later resigned from Washington's cabinet. Elected Vice President in 1796 in the administration of John Adams, Jefferson opposed Adams, and with Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which attempted to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.

　　1.托马斯·杰斐逊

　　托马斯·杰斐逊(1743年4月13日-1826年7月4日)，美利坚合众国第三任总统(1801年─1809年)。同时也是《美国独立宣言》主要起草人，及美国开国元勋中最具影响力者之一。除了政治事业外，杰斐逊同时也是农业学、园艺学、建筑学、词源学、考古学、数学、密码学、测量学与古生物学等学科的专家;又身兼作家、律师与小提琴手;也是弗吉尼亚大学的创办人。许多人认为他是历任美国总统中，智慧最高者。

　　他在任期间保护农业，发展民族资本主义工业。从法国手中购买路易斯安那州，使美国领土近乎增加了一倍。

　　2.Calvin Coolidge

　　John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little.

　　2.卡尔文·柯立芝

　　小约翰·卡尔文·柯立芝(1872年7月4日-1933年1月5日)，美国第30任总统，共和党籍。佛蒙特州律师出身，在马萨诸塞州政界奋斗多年后成为州长。1920年大选时作为沃伦·哈定的竞选伙伴成功当选第29任美国副总统。1923年，哈定在任内病逝，柯立芝随即递补为总统。1924年大选连任成功。政治上主张小政府，以古典自由派保守主义闻名。

　　3.Monroe Doctrine

　　The Monroe Doctrine was a US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. At the same time, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued in 1823 at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved or were at the point of gaining independence from the Portuguese and Spanish Empires; Peru consolidated its independence in 1824, and Bolivia would become independent in 1825, leaving only Cuba and Puerto Rico under Spanish rule. The United States, working in agreement with Britain, wanted to guarantee that no European power would move in.

　　3.门罗主义

　　门罗主义发表于1823年，由詹姆斯·门罗总统发表于第七次对国会演说的国情咨文中。演说开头迟疑，而后转为充满热情。这是美国涉外事务之转折点。门罗主义表明了美利坚合众国当时的观点，即欧洲列强不应再殖民美洲，或涉足美国与墨西哥等美洲国家之主权相关事务。而对于欧洲各国之间的争端，或各国与其美洲殖民地之间的战事，美国保持中立。相关战事若发生于美洲，美国将视为具敌意之行为。