国际关系英语词汇大全Unit 71

　　Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa (24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat or by his kunya Abu Ammar, was a Palestinian leader. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and leader of the Fatah political party and former paramilitary group, which he founded in 1959. Arafat spent much of his life committed to acts of terror against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination. Originally opposed to Israel's existence, he modified his position in 1988 when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242. Arafat and his movement operated from several Arab countries. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Fatah faced off with Jordan in a brief civil war. Forced out of Jordan and into Lebanon, Arafat and Fatah were major targets of Israel's 1978 and 1982 invasions of that country.

　　1.亚西尔·阿拉法特

　　拉赫曼·阿卜杜勒·拉乌夫·阿拉法特·古德瓦·侯赛尼(1929年8月24日-2004年11月11日)，通称亚西尔·阿拉法特或他的昵称阿布·阿马尔，巴勒斯坦解放运动领袖，巴勒斯坦领导人，巴勒斯坦解放组织主席及巴解组织最大派别法塔赫的领导人，1994年巴勒斯坦民族权力机构成立后任主席。他是1994年诺贝尔和平奖的获得者之一。

　　2.Julius Caesar

　　Gaius Julius Caesar(July 100 – 15 March 44 BC)was a Roman general, statesman, Consul, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative ruling class within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.

　　2.恺撒

　　盖乌斯·儒略·恺撒(前100年7月13日-前44年3月15日)，罗马共和国末期的军事统帅、政治家，儒略家族成员。恺撒出身贵族，历任财务官、大祭司、大法官、执政官、监察官、独裁官等职。前60年与庞培、克拉苏秘密结成前三头同盟，随后出任高卢总督，用了8年时间征服高卢全境(现在的法国)，亦袭击了日耳曼和不列颠。西元前49年，他率军占领罗马，打败庞培，集大权于一身，实行独裁统治，制定了《儒略历》。前44年，恺撒遭以布鲁图所领导的元老院成员暗杀身亡。恺撒身后，其甥孙及养子屋大维击败安东尼开创罗马帝国并且成为第一位帝国皇帝。恺撒也是扑克牌里的方块K人物。

　　3.Brezhnev Doctrine

　　The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet Union foreign policy, first and most clearly outlined by S. Kovalev in a September 26, 1968, Pravda article, entitled "Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries." Leonid Brezhnev reiterated it in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party on November 13, 1968. This doctrine was announced to retroactively justify the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 that ended the Prague Spring, along with earlier Soviet military interventions, such as the invasion of Hungary in 1956. These interventions were meant to put an end to liberalization efforts and uprisings that had the potential to compromise Soviet hegemony inside the Eastern bloc, which was considered by the Soviets to be an essential defensive and strategic buffer in case hostilities with NATO were to break out.

　　3.勃列日涅夫主义

　　勃列日涅夫主义，又称勃列日涅夫学说，是勃列日涅夫在1968年侵略捷克斯洛伐克前后，在苏联及华沙条约组织成员国内，推行的一套对外扩张和对东欧社会主义国家进行思想和政治控制的理论。该主义虽然以勃列日涅夫命名，但实际上是当时掌握苏联意识形态宣传大权的“灰衣主教”苏斯洛夫的“成果”。