英语语言学习：犹太文化
Today, 27 European countries are marking what is called the European Day of Jewish Culture. The initiative is aimed at opening the doors of Jewish communities, heritage cites and culture to the non-Jewish world and also to deepen Jews' own knowledge of their history in Europe. NPR's Sylvia Poggioli reports from little Jerusalem, a medieval town in the Italian region of Tuscony.
SYLVIA POGGIOLI, BYLINE: Pitigliano soars majestically over vineyards and olive groves. Its centuries-old, multistoried buildings seem carved out of a massive volcanic tufa rock first settled by the Etruscans. In the 16th century while Venice, Rome and Florence were locking Jews up in ghettos, the Orsinis, enlightened rulers of the independent states of Pitigliano, welcomed Jewish traders and craftsmen to boost the local economy.
PAOLA BLANCHI: And they gave them chances to work by opening a bank and by trading, especially in textiles, and therefore starts this double presence, Jews and Christians all together in a very small state.
POGGIOLI: Tourist guide Paola Blanchi says that state of civility ended when Pitigliano came under the rule of the Medicis of Florence allied with the Papal State in persecuting Jews.
BLANCHI: They have to leave their private property and to go and live inside the Jewish Quarter. It was no longer so free as it was earlier. They had to carry a sign, a yellow sign or a tunic.
POGGIOLI: Pitigliano's best-known delicacy is a stick of pastry filled with honey and walnuts. It's called sfratto. It's Italian for eviction. Recalling the sticks used by Medici officers to knock on Jewish doors and order Jews from their homes and into the ghetto.
A century after the Medicis arrived, Pitigliano again came under enlightened rule. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany granted Jews freedom to live and work where they pleased. At their peak, Jews made up a quarter of Pitigliano's population and enjoyed what came to be known as their golden period.
But by 1938 when the fascist regime imposed anti-Semitic laws, only 70 Jews were left in Pitigliano. Today, they're down to four or five. But every year, tens of thousands of visitors, Jews and non-Jews, descend steep stone stairs to visit the Little Jerusalem Association. The cultural organization comprises the restored synagogue dating from 1598 and the ritual bath, slaughter house and bakery; all three carved out of the tufa rock centuries ago.
Visitor Judith Elkin from Poughkeepsie, New York is trying to fill a gap in her knowledge about her Jewish heritage between the stories of the Bible and the time her grandparents emigrated to the U.S. from Europe.
JUDITH ELKIN: How did they, out in the diaspora - how did they keep going? I think that's what brings me here. I feel attached. How did they keep going here?
POGGIOLI: But most visitors to Pitigliano are not Jewish like Claudia Malgara from Milan.
CLAUDIA MALGARA: We don't know really the Jewish culture so it's interesting. And the memory come back to the people that live here. And now they are dead.
RUTH ELLEN GRUBER: You talk about the holocaust, you talk about death.
POGGIOLI: Ruth Ellen Gruber writes frequently about Jewish cultural and heritage issues in Europe. She says Pitigliano is the perfect illustration of the aim of the European Day of Jewish Culture - celebrating Jewish life.
GRUBER: To promote the idea that Jewish culture is part of European culture, it's not something that it is something else. Jews have lived in Europe for centuries, in Italy for millenia. And what developed here is part of, you know, the Italian reality just as the Jewish culture in other parts of Europe is part of European culture.
POGGIOLI: The Day of Jewish Culture has been attracting growing numbers of visitors throughout Europe. Last year, a thousand different events drew close to a hundred thousand visitors across the continent. And organizers see the annual event as a crucial response to the surge in anti-Semitism in many parts of Europe. Sylvia Poggioli, NPR News.
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