现在分词作定语和状语的用法

1.分词短语在句中作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句。与时间状语一样，也要注意分词所表示的动作与谓语动作的先后关系。当分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时，用分词的一般形式。此时分词的逻辑主语须是句中的主语。这样的原因状语可以换成because, as引导的原因状语，该从句谓语动词用一般过去时。

Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help.

因为不知道如何解这道物理难题，他求助老师。

= Because he didn't know how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked…help.

2.当分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，可以用现在分词的完成式在句中作原因状语，其逻辑主语须为句中的主语，该短语的作用相当于一个原因状语从句。该从句的谓语动词须用完成时。如：

Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.

= Because we have lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well. 因为与那个女孩一起生活了五年，我们都非常了解她。

三、现在分词短语在句中可以作条件状语，其逻辑主语须为句中的主语，该短语相当于一个条件状语从句。

Working hard, you'll succeed. = If you work hard, you'll succeed. 如果你努力工作，你会成功的。

Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the park.

= If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the park. 如果转向左边，你将找到通向公园的小道。

四、分词短语在句中作让步状语

分词短语在句中作让步状语时，相当于一个让步状语从句，有时分词前可以带有连接词although, whether, even if, even though。

现在分词短语作让步状语，分词的逻辑主语是句中的主语，变成状语从句时，需用主动语态。

Weighing almost one hundred jin the stone was moved by him alone.

= Although the stone weighted almost one hundred jin, it was moved by him alone. 虽然那块石头重将近一百斤，他一个人就把它挪动了。

五、分词短语在句中作结果状语

现在分词短语在句中可以作结果状语，它的逻辑主语便是句中的主语，该短语相当于一个结果状语从句，且用主动语态。分词短语在句中作结果状语时，通常位于句末，中间有逗号。有时为了加强语气，就在分词前加thus。

Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.

= Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus it caused the delay. 他们的车遇上交通阻塞，因而耽误了。

六、分词短语在句中表示方式或伴随情况

分词短语表示方式或伴随情况是比较常见的。它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下，现在分词所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，它的逻辑主语就是句中的主语，谓语动词作为主要动作，而现在分词表示一个陪衬动作，它没有相应的状语从句可以转换，但可以用并列句来转换。过去分词可以说明谓语动作的背景。过去分词与其逻辑主语之间有动宾关系。如：

The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.

The children laughed and talked merrily, and they ran out of the room. 那些孩子们跑出房间，愉快地笑着、说着。

Helped by their teacher, the students finished the task successfully. 在老师的帮助下，学生们成功地完成了任务。

作定语

分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。

(1)前置定语

He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。

Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. 不要出太大声音，有个孩子在睡觉。

(2)后置定语

The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。

(3)分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：

Those wishing to join this club should sign here. 想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。 (=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.)

The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。 (The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)

(4)完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如：

我们一般不说：The girl having won the race is my deskmate.

而常这样说：The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.

(5)非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如：

Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。

Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London. 在巴黎呆过多年，查理决定重返伦敦。

二、现在分词短语作时间状语有以下三种情况：

1.分词动作一发生，谓语动作紧跟着发生，这时用现在分词的一般式作时间状语，其逻辑主语为句中的主语。常用的动词，如：hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around, walk等，表示一个极短暂动作。

此种情况可以换作on+动名词，表示相同的意思。译作"一(刚)……就……"。

此种情况也可以换作是when引导的时间状语从句，该从句的动词多用一般过去时表示。如：

Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.(= On hearing their teacher's voice… = When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils…)一听到教师的声音，学生们立即停止讲话。

2.谓语动作发生在分词所表示的动作过程之中，则用when /while+现在分词的一般式，分词的逻辑主语为句中的主语。此种情况可以用in+动名词的一般式代替。

也可以换作when、while引导的时间状语从句，该从句的谓语动词用进行时态。如：

Don't be careless when /while having an exam. = Don't be careless in having an exam. = Don't be careless when / while you are having an exam. 考试时不要粗心。

注：此结构中，不能用其他连接词替换when或while。

3.分词所表示的动作完成之后，谓语动作才发生，则要现在分词的完成式，即having done的形式。分词的逻辑主语应是句中的主语。

这种情况可以用after+动名词的一般式表示。

这种情况也可以用after /when引导的时间状语从句来替换，该从句的谓语动词用过去完成式。如：

Having finished his homework the boy was allowed to watch TV play.

After having finished his homework, the boy…

After /when he had finished his homework, the boy…