BBC News: 涨知识！在古代，“咳嗽”，“头痛”，“打喷嚏”用英语这么说

涨知识！在古代，“咳嗽”，“头痛”，“打喷嚏”用英语这么说
Old Words For Winter Ailments
 
你知道”咳嗽”、”头痛”、”打喷嚏”这些词在古代英语中怎么说吗？下面就来学习几个有意思的古英语表达。
 
1.Meldrop
Derived from Scandinavian roots, meldrop was originally a drop of foam from a horse’s mouth as it chomped on the bit—the metal crossbar held in a horse’s mouth, the Old Norse word for which was mel. According to the English Dialect Dictionary, however, it came to have additional meanings in 16th-century Scots: Meldrop can be used to refer to both a drip of water from the tip of an icicle and a pendulous droplet on the tip of a person’s nose.
Meldrop的词根源于斯堪的纳维亚语，最初是指马戴着马嚼子而从嘴里留出的一滴唾沫（马嚼子是马嘴里戴着的金属横条），而古斯堪的纳维亚语中mel表示马嚼子的意思。然而，根据《英语方言词典》，Meldrop在16世纪的苏格兰语中有了其他含义：既可以用来指冰柱顶端的一滴水，也可以用来指人鼻尖上的一滴鼻涕。
 
2.Snirl
Besides being a long-forgotten dialect word for the nose—or for the metal hoop pierced through a bull’s nostrils—snirl or snurl is an old 18th-century dialect word for a stuffy head cold.
Snirl或snurl是一个过时已久的方言词，表示鼻子或穿过公牛鼻孔的金属环，在18世纪方言词中形容感冒鼻塞。
 
3.Kiffle
To kiffle is to cough because you have a tickle in the throat. To hosk, meanwhile, is to cough harshly or painfully; to boke is to cough violently, according to the English Dialect Dictionary; and to wirken is to cough or choke, likely because you’re eating too quickly. A tissick, likewise, is a dry, tickling cough.
Kiffle表示因喉咙发痒而轻咳。此外，hosk表示剧烈或痛苦的咳嗽；根据《英语方言词典》，boke是剧烈咳嗽；而wirken指因为吃得太快等而呛咳。而tissick表示发痒干咳。
 
4. Fox’s Cough
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, this is a hoarse, scratching cough that refuses to clear up, apparently so-called because the fox’s call is so raucous.
根据《牛津英语词典》解释，Fox’s Cough是一种嘶哑的、刺挠的、持续的咳嗽，这么说显然是因为狐狸的叫声非常刺耳。
 
5. Sternutament
Sternutation is a 16th-century medical word for the act of sneezing, which makes sternutament an equally ancient word for a single sneeze.
Sternutation是16世纪的医学术语，表示打喷嚏这个动作，而Sternutament在古代英语中表示一个喷嚏。
 
6. Presenteeism
The opposite of absenteeism is presenteeism—a term coined in the early 1930s for the act of turning up to work, despite being unwell.
Presenteeism是absenteeism的反义词，是20世纪30年代初出现的一个术语，用来表示尽管身体不适，但仍坚持上班的行为。
 
7.Headwarch
Waerc was an Old English word for pain (which derives from the same ancient root as work). That makes headwarch an equally ancient word for a headache.
Waerc在古英语中表示疼痛（它与work源自同一古英语词根）。因此，headwarch在古代就是头痛的意思。