双语新闻：美国森林科学家普遍赞成移动树木，以免它们灭绝
Some important tree species native to the northwestern states in the U.S. are no longer growing well because of climate change.
由于气候变化，一些原产于美国西北部各州的重要树种不再生长良好。
As conditions change in states such as Washington, Oregon and California, trees such as the Douglas fir, Western red cedar, giant sequoia and redwood may need to move -- with the help of humans.
随着华盛顿州、俄勒冈州和加利福尼亚州等州的情况发生变化，花旗松、西部红雪松、巨型红杉和红木等树木可能需要在人类的帮助下移动。
Some of the trees do not do well when temperatures rise. Others suffer during times of drought. The goal is to move the trees to areas where the climate might more suitable.
当气温升高时，有些树的表现不佳。其他人在干旱时期受苦受难。目标是将树木移到气候可能更适合的地区。
Forest scientists are generally in favor of moving the trees so they do not die out. However, not all of the scientists agree on the best way to do it.
森林科学家普遍赞成移动树木，以免它们灭绝。然而，并不是所有的科学家都同意最好的方法。
There are three ways to move trees: assisted population migration, assisted species migration and range expansion.
迁移树木有三种方式：辅助种群迁移、辅助物种迁移和范围扩大。
Assisted population migration involves scientists moving a tree's seeds within its current growing range. Assisted species migration involves scientists moving a species far from its existing area. In this case, that would include moving redwoods and sequoias from California to Washington.
辅助种群迁移包括科学家在当前的生长范围内移动树木的种子。协助物种迁移包括科学家将一个物种迁移到远离其现有区域的地方。在这种情况下，这将包括将红杉和红杉从加利福尼亚州转移到华盛顿。
The third way, range expansion, moves trees just outside their current growing range. Each way has different results for the trees and other animals and insects that depend on the trees.
第三种方法是扩大范围，将树木移到当前生长范围之外。每种方式对树木和其他依赖树木的动物和昆虫都有不同的结果。
Michael Case is a forest ecologist at the Nature Conservancy in Virginia. He said "there is a huge difference" among the different migration methods.
迈克尔·凯斯是弗吉尼亚州自然保护协会的森林生态学家。他说，不同的移民方式之间“存在巨大差异”。
He said the risk of failure increases "whenever you plant something in an area where it is not locally found." He said the risk is not only to the trees. There is also the risk of causing problems in the ecosystem.
他说，“每当你在当地找不到的地方种植某种东西时，失败的风险就会增加。”他说，风险不仅在于树木。还存在造成生态系统问题的风险。
Case is working on an assisted population migration program with Douglas fir and Western hemlock trees. He is testing whether the trees, originally from drier parts of the northwest, can do well in western Washington where there is a drought. His organization believes that assisted population migration has fewer risks.
凯斯正在进行一项有花旗松和西部铁杉的辅助种群迁移计划。他正在测试这些原产于西北部干旱地区的树木是否能在华盛顿西部干旱地区生长良好。他的组织认为，协助人口迁移的风险较小。
The U.S. Forest Service also takes part in assisted population migration programs. Dr. David Lytle is the agency's deputy chief for research and development. He said the agency is "very very cautious" about moving plants outside of their "historic range."
美国林务局也参与协助人口迁移项目。David Lytle博士是该机构负责研发的副主任。他说，该机构对将工厂转移到“历史范围”之外“非常非常谨慎”。
Douglas Tallamy is a professor of entomology and wildlife ecology at the University of Delaware. He said one worry about species migration is that local caterpillars might not eat the leaves of trees that are new to the area. The caterpillars serve as food for birds and other animals, so they must have a good food source.
Douglas Tallamy是特拉华大学昆虫学和野生动物生态学教授。他说，对物种迁移的一个担忧是，当地的毛毛虫可能不会吃掉该地区新来的树叶。毛毛虫是鸟类和其他动物的食物，所以它们必须有良好的食物来源。
Although the concerns are documented, the city of Portland, Oregon, is working on a species migration project for 11 tree species. The project includes three oak trees: California black oak, canyon live oak and interior live oak. Tallamy said oak trees are among the most important in North America. "When you move them out of range," he said, "the things that are adapted to eating them no longer have access to them."
尽管这些担忧已被记录在案，但俄勒冈州波特兰市正在为11种树木进行物种迁移项目。该项目包括三棵橡树：加州黑橡树、峡谷活橡树和室内活橡树。塔拉米说，橡树是北美最重要的树木之一。“当你把它们移出范围时，”他说，“适应吃它们的东西就再也无法接触到它们了。”
The city responded to questions from the Associated Press, and said it is using guidelines "from universities, state and federal sources" and more, in its project.
该市回应了美联社的问题，并表示正在其项目中使用“来自大学、州和联邦来源”等的指导方针。
Another group working on species migration projects in the northwest is called PropagationNation. To propagate means to produce a new plant through the use of seeds or parts of another plant.
另一个致力于西北部物种迁徙项目的组织名为“繁殖国家”。繁殖是指通过使用另一种植物的种子或部分来生产一种新植物。
That organization is planting non-local trees around the Seattle, Washington area in hopes that they will start growing in places where Western red cedar, Western hemlock and big leaf maple are having trouble.
该组织正在华盛顿州西雅图地区种植非本地树木，希望它们能在西部红雪松、西部铁杉和大叶枫遇到麻烦的地方开始生长。
David Milarch is the leader of a group in Michigan that supports keeping old trees alive. It is called Archangel Ancient Tree Archive. Milarch said the hope is to permit redwoods and sequoias to grow in areas to the north. The hope is not to replace native trees.
大卫·米拉奇是密歇根州一个支持老树存活的组织的领导人。它被称为大天使古树档案馆。米拉奇说，希望能让红杉和红杉在北部地区生长。希望不是取代原生树木。
He said his group hopes the trees "will still be here in 100 to 200 years and not join the list of trees that are going extinct."
他说，他的团队希望这些树“在100到200年后仍然存在，不会被列入即将灭绝的树木名单。”
The organizations that are not practicing widely accepted methods for moving species feel like the risks are worth it.
那些没有采用广泛接受的物种迁移方法的组织认为这些风险是值得的。
But Robert Slesak is not sure about either practice. He oversees population migration sites run by the U.S. Forest Service in California, Oregon and Washington.
但Robert Slesak对这两种做法都不确定。他负责监督美国林业局在加利福尼亚州、俄勒冈州和华盛顿州管理的人口迁移点。
He said he has concerns about assisted species migrations and assisted population migrations that lack experimental rigor. Rigor describes an activity that has been tested with high standards.
他说，他对缺乏实验严谨性的辅助物种迁移和辅助种群迁移感到担忧。Rigor描述了一种经过高标准测试的活动。
He said all of the ideas about how to move trees should follow experiments that have already produced strong results.
他说，所有关于如何移动树木的想法都应该遵循已经产生了强有力结果的实验。
"Everyone knows we need to do some kind of action related to climate, but there's a real risk of making it worse."
“每个人都知道我们需要采取一些与气候有关的行动，但确实存在使情况变得更糟的风险。”
由于气候变化，一些原产于美国西北部各州的重要树种不再生长良好。
As conditions change in states such as Washington, Oregon and California, trees such as the Douglas fir, Western red cedar, giant sequoia and redwood may need to move -- with the help of humans.
随着华盛顿州、俄勒冈州和加利福尼亚州等州的情况发生变化，花旗松、西部红雪松、巨型红杉和红木等树木可能需要在人类的帮助下移动。
Some of the trees do not do well when temperatures rise. Others suffer during times of drought. The goal is to move the trees to areas where the climate might more suitable.
当气温升高时，有些树的表现不佳。其他人在干旱时期受苦受难。目标是将树木移到气候可能更适合的地区。
Forest scientists are generally in favor of moving the trees so they do not die out. However, not all of the scientists agree on the best way to do it.
森林科学家普遍赞成移动树木，以免它们灭绝。然而，并不是所有的科学家都同意最好的方法。
There are three ways to move trees: assisted population migration, assisted species migration and range expansion.
迁移树木有三种方式：辅助种群迁移、辅助物种迁移和范围扩大。
Assisted population migration involves scientists moving a tree's seeds within its current growing range. Assisted species migration involves scientists moving a species far from its existing area. In this case, that would include moving redwoods and sequoias from California to Washington.
辅助种群迁移包括科学家在当前的生长范围内移动树木的种子。协助物种迁移包括科学家将一个物种迁移到远离其现有区域的地方。在这种情况下，这将包括将红杉和红杉从加利福尼亚州转移到华盛顿。
The third way, range expansion, moves trees just outside their current growing range. Each way has different results for the trees and other animals and insects that depend on the trees.
第三种方法是扩大范围，将树木移到当前生长范围之外。每种方式对树木和其他依赖树木的动物和昆虫都有不同的结果。
Michael Case is a forest ecologist at the Nature Conservancy in Virginia. He said "there is a huge difference" among the different migration methods.
迈克尔·凯斯是弗吉尼亚州自然保护协会的森林生态学家。他说，不同的移民方式之间“存在巨大差异”。
He said the risk of failure increases "whenever you plant something in an area where it is not locally found." He said the risk is not only to the trees. There is also the risk of causing problems in the ecosystem.
他说，“每当你在当地找不到的地方种植某种东西时，失败的风险就会增加。”他说，风险不仅在于树木。还存在造成生态系统问题的风险。
Case is working on an assisted population migration program with Douglas fir and Western hemlock trees. He is testing whether the trees, originally from drier parts of the northwest, can do well in western Washington where there is a drought. His organization believes that assisted population migration has fewer risks.
凯斯正在进行一项有花旗松和西部铁杉的辅助种群迁移计划。他正在测试这些原产于西北部干旱地区的树木是否能在华盛顿西部干旱地区生长良好。他的组织认为，协助人口迁移的风险较小。
The U.S. Forest Service also takes part in assisted population migration programs. Dr. David Lytle is the agency's deputy chief for research and development. He said the agency is "very very cautious" about moving plants outside of their "historic range."
美国林务局也参与协助人口迁移项目。David Lytle博士是该机构负责研发的副主任。他说，该机构对将工厂转移到“历史范围”之外“非常非常谨慎”。
Douglas Tallamy is a professor of entomology and wildlife ecology at the University of Delaware. He said one worry about species migration is that local caterpillars might not eat the leaves of trees that are new to the area. The caterpillars serve as food for birds and other animals, so they must have a good food source.
Douglas Tallamy是特拉华大学昆虫学和野生动物生态学教授。他说，对物种迁移的一个担忧是，当地的毛毛虫可能不会吃掉该地区新来的树叶。毛毛虫是鸟类和其他动物的食物，所以它们必须有良好的食物来源。
Although the concerns are documented, the city of Portland, Oregon, is working on a species migration project for 11 tree species. The project includes three oak trees: California black oak, canyon live oak and interior live oak. Tallamy said oak trees are among the most important in North America. "When you move them out of range," he said, "the things that are adapted to eating them no longer have access to them."
尽管这些担忧已被记录在案，但俄勒冈州波特兰市正在为11种树木进行物种迁移项目。该项目包括三棵橡树：加州黑橡树、峡谷活橡树和室内活橡树。塔拉米说，橡树是北美最重要的树木之一。“当你把它们移出范围时，”他说，“适应吃它们的东西就再也无法接触到它们了。”
The city responded to questions from the Associated Press, and said it is using guidelines "from universities, state and federal sources" and more, in its project.
该市回应了美联社的问题，并表示正在其项目中使用“来自大学、州和联邦来源”等的指导方针。
Another group working on species migration projects in the northwest is called PropagationNation. To propagate means to produce a new plant through the use of seeds or parts of another plant.
另一个致力于西北部物种迁徙项目的组织名为“繁殖国家”。繁殖是指通过使用另一种植物的种子或部分来生产一种新植物。
That organization is planting non-local trees around the Seattle, Washington area in hopes that they will start growing in places where Western red cedar, Western hemlock and big leaf maple are having trouble.
该组织正在华盛顿州西雅图地区种植非本地树木，希望它们能在西部红雪松、西部铁杉和大叶枫遇到麻烦的地方开始生长。
David Milarch is the leader of a group in Michigan that supports keeping old trees alive. It is called Archangel Ancient Tree Archive. Milarch said the hope is to permit redwoods and sequoias to grow in areas to the north. The hope is not to replace native trees.
大卫·米拉奇是密歇根州一个支持老树存活的组织的领导人。它被称为大天使古树档案馆。米拉奇说，希望能让红杉和红杉在北部地区生长。希望不是取代原生树木。
He said his group hopes the trees "will still be here in 100 to 200 years and not join the list of trees that are going extinct."
他说，他的团队希望这些树“在100到200年后仍然存在，不会被列入即将灭绝的树木名单。”
The organizations that are not practicing widely accepted methods for moving species feel like the risks are worth it.
那些没有采用广泛接受的物种迁移方法的组织认为这些风险是值得的。
But Robert Slesak is not sure about either practice. He oversees population migration sites run by the U.S. Forest Service in California, Oregon and Washington.
但Robert Slesak对这两种做法都不确定。他负责监督美国林业局在加利福尼亚州、俄勒冈州和华盛顿州管理的人口迁移点。
He said he has concerns about assisted species migrations and assisted population migrations that lack experimental rigor. Rigor describes an activity that has been tested with high standards.
他说，他对缺乏实验严谨性的辅助物种迁移和辅助种群迁移感到担忧。Rigor描述了一种经过高标准测试的活动。
He said all of the ideas about how to move trees should follow experiments that have already produced strong results.
他说，所有关于如何移动树木的想法都应该遵循已经产生了强有力结果的实验。
"Everyone knows we need to do some kind of action related to climate, but there's a real risk of making it worse."
“每个人都知道我们需要采取一些与气候有关的行动，但确实存在使情况变得更糟的风险。”
