听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:GDP忽略的无偿工作——以及为什么它真正重要，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Marilyn Waring
玛丽莲·韦林提倡建立一个公共政策数据库，承认所有的无偿工作——以及生态系统的保护——而不是依赖GDP。
【演讲主题】GDP忽略的无偿工作——以及为什么它真正重要
The unpaid work that GDP ignores -- and why it really counts
【中英文字幕】
翻译者 Wanting Zhong 校对者psjmz mz
00:19
(In Maori: My mountain is Taupiri.) (Waikato is my river.) (My name is Marilyn.) (Hello.)
（毛利语：陶皮里是我的山。） （怀卡托是我的河。） （我的名字是玛丽琳。） （你好。）
00:28
As you've heard, when I was very young, I was elected to the New Zealand Parliament. And at that age, you learn mostly by listening to others' stories. I remember a woman who'd been injured in a farm accident, and it was coming up to shearing time on the farm, and she had to be replaced by a shepherd, by a rousie in the woolshed, and of course there was still someone needed to manage the household and to prepare the food for the shearing gangs. And her mother came to help with that. But the family got no compensation for the mother, because that's what mothers and family members are supposed to do.
正如各位听说过的， 我在很年轻的时候 就被选举进入新西兰议会。 在那个年纪，你大多数时候 都通过聆听他人的故事学习。 我记得一位在农场事故中 受伤的女性， 那时候快到了农场 剪羊毛的时节， 于是她不得不由一位牧羊人， 由一位剪毛棚里的杂工取代， 【注：新西兰俗语】 当然了，还需要有人 管理家庭起居， 并为剪羊毛的伙计们准备食物。 她的母亲过来帮忙了。 但是这家人并没有给 这位母亲报酬， 因为这是母亲和家庭成员 理所应当做的。
01:24
One year, a company called Gold Mines New Zealand applied for a prospecting license on our beautiful Mt. Pirongia. It is a mountain full of extraordinary ecosystems, of verdant, virgin native forests. It produced oxygen, it was a carbon sink, it was a home for endangered species and for pollinating species in the farmland around. And the mining company put up this great economic prospectus that was about how much money could be made from mining our mountain, about all the growth and development that would show in New Zealand's budgetary forecasts, and we were just left with the language of all that we valued about our mountain. Fortunately, we stopped.
有一年，一个叫做 “新西兰金矿”的公司 申请了在我们美丽的皮隆亚山上 进行勘探的许可证。 这座山拥有 非凡的生态系统， 葱郁的原始森林。 它制造氧气，它是天然碳汇， 【注：吸收二氧化碳的自然环境】 它是濒危物种以及 周围农田的传粉物种 的家园。 而采矿公司公布的 这份出色的经济计划书， 讲的全是开采我们的山 能够赚到多少钱， 能够为新西兰的财政预算 带来多少增长与发展， 而只留给了我们 关于我们所珍视的山的语言。 所幸的是，他们及时停手了。
02:37
And then I remembered a woman who had three children under five who was caring for her elderly parents, and nobody seemed to think that at some stage she might actually need some assistance with childcare, because she wasn't in the paid workforce.
然后我又记起了 一位既要抚养三个 不到五岁的孩子， 又要照顾年迈双亲的女性， 似乎没人考虑过， 在某个阶段 她可能需要育儿方面的帮助， 因为她不属于有偿的劳动力。
03:00
And there began to be a pattern in all of these stories I was being told. And I started to ask enough questions to try and track to the core of this pattern of values that was part of all of these stories. And I found it in an economic formula called the "gross domestic product," or the GDP. Most of you will have heard of it. Many of you won't have any idea what it actually means.
在我听说的这些故事中 渐渐浮现出某种规律。 于是我开始问各种问题， 试图追溯到在这些故事中 均有所体现的 这种价值规律的核心。 我在一个 被称为“国内生产总值”， 或者 GDP 的经济学公式中 找到了它。 你们大部分人应该听说过这个词。 你们很多人可能完全不明白 这个词到底是什么意思。
03:39
The rules were drawn up by Western-educated men in 1953. They established a boundary of production in drawing up these rules. What they were keen to measure was everything that involved a market transaction. So on one side of the boundary, everything where there was a market exchange was counted. It doesn't matter whether the exchange is legal or illegal. Market exchange in the illegal trade in armaments, [munitions], drugs, endangered species, trafficking of people -- all of this is great for growth and it all counts.
规则是在 1953 年 由接受了西方教育的男人们制订的。 他们在制订这些规则时， 建立起了生产范畴的界线。 他们热衷衡量的是 涉及到市场交换的一切。 于是在界线的一侧， 所有包含了市场交换 的行为都计算在内， 不管该交换是否合法。 非法贸易中的市场交换， 包括走私军火弹药、 毒品、濒危物种、 贩卖人口—— 这些对于经济增长都很好， 都可以计算在内。
04:27
On the other side of the boundary of production, there was this extraordinary phrase in the rules that the work done by the people they called "nonprimary producers" was "of little or no value." So I thought, let's see how many nonprimary producers we have here today. So in the last week or so, how many of you have transported members of your household or their goods without payment? How many of you have done a bit of cleaning, a bit of vacuuming, a bit of sweeping, a bit of tidying up the kitchen? Yeah? How about going shopping for members of the household? Preparing food? Cleaning up afterwards? Laundry? Ironing?
在生产范畴的另一侧， 在规则中有这么一句 神奇的话， 说是被他们称作“非主要生产者” 的人完成的工作 是“价值很小或毫无价值的”。 于是我就想，让我们看看 今天在座有多少非主要生产者吧。 在上个星期之内， 你们有多少人曾经 无偿运送过你的家庭成员 或他们的物品？ 你们有多少人搞过一点卫生， 吸过一点尘， 扫过一点地， 清理了一下厨房？ 嗯？ 那么为家庭成员购物呢？ 准备食物？餐后收拾？ 洗衣物？熨衣服？
05:23
(Laughter)
（笑声）
05:27
Well, as far as economics is concerned, you were at leisure.
而就经济学而言， 你们都是逍遥自在的无产出者。
05:34
(Laughter) (Applause and cheers)
（笑声） （掌声与喝彩）
05:44
Now, how about the women who have been pregnant and who have had children? Yes. Now, I really hate to tell you this, because it might well have been hard labor, but at that moment, you were unproductive.
那么，有哪些女士 曾经怀孕、生过孩子？ 好的。 我实在不愿意这么告诉你们， 因为你的生产过程可能很艰难， 但在那一刻，你毫无生产性。
06:00
(Laughter)
（笑声）
06:04
And some of you may have breastfed your infant. Now, in the New Zealand national accounts -- that's what the figures are called, that's where we get the GDP -- in the New Zealand national accounts, the milk of buffalo, goats, sheep and cows is of value but not human breast milk.
另外你们中有些人 可能母乳哺育过你的婴儿。 在新西兰的国民经济核算里—— 这是那些数额的名字， 也是 GDP 的来源—— 在新西兰的国民经济核算里， 水牛奶、山羊奶、绵羊奶和牛奶 都有价值， 但是人类母乳并没有价值。
06:27
(Laughter)
（笑声）
06:29
It is the very best food on the planet. It is the very best investment that we can make in the future health and education of that child. It doesn't count at all.
这是地球上最好的食物。 这是我们能为那个孩子 未来的健康与教育 做出的最好投资。 但它完全不算数。
06:41
All of those activities are on the wrong side of the production boundary. And something that's very important to know about this accounting framework: they call it "accounts," but there's no debit side. We just keep market exchanges going, and it's all good for growth. We're in Christchurch, where people have lived through a devastating natural disaster and recovered. And ever since that time, New Zealand has been told our growth figures are great, because we're rebuilding Christchurch. Nothing was ever lost from the national accounting framework because of the loss of lives, the loss of land, the loss of buildings, the loss of special spaces.
所有这些活动都在 生产范畴错误的一侧。 关于这个会计制度 需要清楚很重要的一件事： 它叫做“（会计）核算”， 但并没有“借方”一栏。 我们只需让市场交换继续下去， 一切都对经济增长有好处。 我们身处基督城， 这里的居民刚刚撑过 一场毁灭性的自然灾害， 并重振旗鼓。 自从那时开始， 新西兰的人民就被告知 我们的经济增长数字很棒， 因为我们在重建基督城。 国民经济会计制度里 不曾有过任何损失， 哪怕我们失去了生命， 失去了土地， 失去了建筑， 失去了特别的场所。
07:43
Now, it might also be becoming obvious to you that this boundary of production works in terms of our environment. When we're mining it, when we're deforesting, when we're deleting our environment, when we're fishing out our marine resources, legal or illegal, as long as market is exchanged, it's all good for growth. To leave our natural environment alone, to sustain it, to protect it, is apparently worth nothing.
你们或许已经注意到 这个生产范畴 对我们的环境也是同理。 当我们开采矿物， 当我们砍伐森林， 当我们抛弃环境， 当我们以合法或非法的途径 捕捞我们的海洋资源， 只要市场上发生交换， 一切对增长都好。 让我们的自然环境保持原样、 维持它、保护它， 显然是一文不值的。
08:24
Now, how and what can we do about this? Well, I wrote first about it 30 years ago. Then in 2008, after the global financial crisis, President Sarkozy of France asked three men who had all won Nobel Prizes in Economics -- Sen, Fitoussi and Stiglitz -- to discover what I'd written about 30 years ago.
那么，我们对此能做什么， 又该怎么做？ 我在三十年前就第一次 写过这个话题。 然后在 2008 年， 在全球金融危机之后， 法国总统萨科齐 请求三位曾荣获 诺贝尔经济学奖的男人， 森，菲图西和斯蒂格利茨， 去发现我早在三十年前 就论述过的东西。
08:49
(Laughter)
（笑声）
08:50
(Applause)
（掌声）
08:59
"Relying on per capita GDP, relying on these growth figures," they said, "doesn't appear to be the best way to proceed to make public policy." And I totally agree with them.
他们说：“依靠人均 GDP， 依靠这些增长数字， 看上去并不是制定公共政策 的最佳标准。” 我完全赞同他们的结论。
09:12
(Laughter)
（笑声）
09:16
One of the things that you notice about these rules -- they are revised; 1968 they were revised, 1993, 2008 -- is that the revisions are mostly done by statisticians, and the statisticians do know what is wrong with the data, but hardly any of the economists ever stop to ask that same question.
关于这些规则，值得注意的是， 它们被修订过—— 1968 年，它们被修订过， 1993 年，2008 年—— 这些修订多数由统计学家进行， 统计学家们的确知道 数据有什么问题， 但是几乎没有经济学家 曾停下来问同样的问题。
09:40
So, in 2019, the GDP is in even worse shape. You see, to measure GDP, you have to assume that some kind of production or service delivery or consumption occurs inside a nation-state, and you know where that is. But trillions of dollars are circling the globe, in many part from our Googles, our Facebooks, our Twitters, siphoned through a number of tax shelters, so that when we click on our computer and go to download some software, we don't know where it was produced, and frankly, no one knows where we are as we're consuming it, either. These tax-free havens distort the GDP to such an extent that about three years ago, Europe looked askance at Ireland and said, "We don't think you're reporting correctly," and in the next year, their GDP went up 35 percent.
于是，在 2019 年， GDP 的现状变得更加糟糕。 为了测量 GDP， 你不得不假设某种生产 或服务提供或消费 是发生在一个国家里的， 并且你知道这个国家在哪里。 但来自我们的谷歌、Facebook 和推特账号的点点滴滴 构成了在全球周转的数万亿美元， 这些钱通过无数个避税所， 从而使得我们在电脑上点击鼠标 下载某个软件时， 我们并不知道它由哪里生产， 而且说实在的，也没有人知道 我们是在何处消费它的。 这些免税天堂 让 GDP 发生了严重的扭曲， 以至于约三年前， 欧盟斜眼看着爱尔兰， 说：“我们觉得你没有如实汇报，” 第二年，他们的 GDP 就增长了 35%。
10:53
Now, all that work that you're doing when you were at leisure and unproductive, we can measure this, and we can measure this in time use surveys. When we look at the amount of time that's taken in the unpaid sector, what we find is that in almost every country where I've ever seen the data, it is the single largest sector of the nation's economy. In the last three years, for example, the UK statistician has declared that all of that unpaid work is the equivalent of all manufacturing and all retailing in the UK. In Australia, the single largest sector of Australia's economy is unpaid childcare, and the second-largest sector is all the rest of the unpaid work, before banking and insurance and financial intermediation services clock in at the largest part of the market sector. Just last year, the Premier of the Victoria state of Australia declared that half of that state's GDP was, in fact, the value of all the unpaid work.
我们可以测量 你在逍遥散漫、无所事事时 做的所有工作—— 通过“时间利用”调查。 我们研究无偿劳动 所占去的时间时， 我们发现在几乎每一个 提供了数据的国家中， 无偿劳动都是那个国家 经济的最大单一部门。 比如说，在过去三年内， 英国统计学家宣称， 英国的全部无偿劳动 等价于制造业和 零售业的总和。 在澳大利亚的经济中， 最大的单一部门 是无偿儿童保育， 而第二大的部门是 剩余的所有无偿劳动， 排在占去市场部门最大头的 银行、保险以及金融中介服务之前。 就在去年，澳大利亚 维多利亚州州长 宣布该州 GDP 的一半 事实上等同于 所有无偿劳动的价值。
12:10
Now, as a policy maker, you cannot make good policy if the single largest sector of your nation's economy is not visible. You can't presume to know where the needs are. You can't locate time poverty. You can't address the most critical issues of need.
作为政策制定者， 你不可能在国家经济 最大的单一部门 被隐形的情况下 制订出优秀的政策。 你不能假定自己知道 大众的需求在哪里。 你无法定位时间匮乏的地方。 你无法解决最为迫切的需求。
12:38
So what can go in the place of GDP? Well, GDP has got many other problems, OK? We don't behave in a way that assists GDP. Large numbers of people around the planet are now using household assets -- their cars, their homes, themselves -- for Uber, for Airbnb. And no, we're not supposed to use assets from the unpaid sector to make money in the market sector. This is confusing!
那么什么指标能够取代 GDP？ GDP 还有很多别的问题。 我们的行为方式并不支持 GDP。 现在全球有很多人 正在使用他们的家庭资产—— 他们的车、房子、他们自身—— 提供优步（Uber）和 爱彼迎（Airbnb）服务。 不对，我们理应不能 使用无偿劳动部门的资产 在市场部门赚钱。 这实在是太混乱了！
13:11
(Laughter)
（笑声）
13:14
And very difficult to measure.
并且也很难测量。
13:18
So economists don't want to know what's wrong with their most important GDP, and I think they've got so many problems, they can just move off to a quiet corner and continue to publish that and not come anywhere near the rest of us with this talk of capitals and natural assets and other ways in which to colonize the rest of our lives.
经济学家们并不想知道 他们最重要的 GDP 出了什么问题， 而且我觉得他们的课题那么多， 他们应该乖乖挪到一个安静的角落 继续发表那些论文， 而不要带着资本 和自然资产的言论 以及其它用来殖民 我们剩余人生的手段 靠近我们其他人哪怕一步。
13:45
I think time use is the most important indicator going forward. Every one of us has exactly the same amount of it. If there are going to be critical issues as we move forward, we need a solid database, because whatever we change away from the GDP, we're going to be stuck with it for about 50 years, and we need something that's solid and immutable and that everybody understands, because if I put time use data in front of you, you'll immediately start nodding. You'll immediately start recognizing what it means. And, honestly, if I put the GDP data in front of you, a lot of you would prefer to leave for morning tea.
我觉得以后最重要的指标 是时间利用。 我们每一个人都有完全等量的时间。 如果要说在未来 会有什么至关重要的议题， 我们需要一个牢靠的数据库， 因为不管我们把 GDP 换成什么， 我们都将和它共处近 50 年， 于是我们需要某样坚实不变的、 所有人都能理解的东西， 因为如果我把时间利用数据 摆在你面前， 你会马上开始点头。 你会马上开始认识到 它意味着什么。 另外，说实话， 如果我把 GDP 数据 摆在你的面前， 你们很多人大概 宁可离席去喝茶。
14:33
(Laughter)
（笑声）
14:35
We also need to be looking at the quality of our environment. As every year goes past, we get much better at measuring the devastation of it, of measuring how little we protect anymore. And yet, with climate change, we don't all have to be scientists to see, to feel, to know what is happening to our beautiful planet. We need, in this country, the paramountcy of what we can learn from kaitiakitanga, from whanaungatanaga, from what Maori, who have been here for centuries, can teach us.
我们还需要监控我们的环境质量。 随着时间一年年过去， 我们变得更加善于 衡量它受到的破坏， 衡量我们还在保护的东西 变得多么稀少。 然而，随着气候变化， 我们即使不是科学家， 也能看到、感受到、知道 我们美丽的星球正在遭受什么。 在这个国家里，我们需要 能从 kaitiakitanga（守护环境的职责）、 【注：毛利语】 从 whanaungatanaga（家族的维系）、 【注：毛利语】 从在这里生活了许多世纪的毛利人 那里学到的至高无上的准则。
15:23
When you're in parliament, and you're not in an economist's frame of mind, you make decisions across a range of data. You look at the trade-offs. You think deeply about implications way beyond whether or not GDP is up or down. Economists want to turn everything into a monetary exchange, even time use data, so that they can carry on trying to decide whether GDP is up or down. That's not a great way to go. And others have said to me, "Marilyn, why don't you just work on a system that includes all the unpaid work and the pregnancy and the birth and the lactation in the GDP?" There's a very important moral and ethical answer to that, and it is that I do not want the most valuable things on earth, the things I treasure, sitting in an accounting framework that thinks that war is great for growth.
当你身在议会， 并且没有经济学家 的思维框架时， 你会通过各种各样 的数据做出决策。 你会进行权衡考量。 你会深深地思考 远比GDP 是涨是跌 更加深远的涵义。 经济学家想把一切， 甚至包括时间利用数据， 变成金钱交换， 这样他们就能继续试图判断 GDP 是涨了还是跌了。 这并不是很好的前进方式。 别人曾经对我说过， “玛丽琳，你为什么不干脆开发一个 把所有无偿劳动、 怀孕、生子、哺乳 都包括在 GDP 里面的系统呢？” 对此，我有一个很重要 的伦理道德的回答， 那就是我并不想让 这世界上最珍贵的东西， 那些我珍视的事物， 躺在一个认为战争有利于发展 的会计制度里。
16:37
(Applause and cheers)
（掌声与喝彩）
16:46
So from now on, whenever you listen to the news, you're not going to go blank when they say GDP. You're going to think, "I know what they're talking about, and it's not good."
那么从今以后， 每当你听新闻时， 在他们提到 GDP 时， 你将不再头脑一片空白。 你将会想到， “我知道他们在说什么， 它并不是什么好东西。”
16:57
(Laughter)
（笑声）
17:00
I know that there are alternatives, and I'm going to spend my time correcting people, talking to them about this value base and talking to them about what the alternatives can be, because humankind and our planet need another way.
我知道有别的替代方法， 我将花时间纠正人们， 跟他们讲述这个价值基础， 并且告诉他们有什么替代方式， 因为人类 与我们的地球 需要别的衡量方式。
17:20
Thank you.
谢谢大家。
17:21
(Applause and cheers)
（掌声与喝彩）