听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:捍卫移民人权的新方法，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Itamar Mann
Itamar Mann,作家兼诉讼律师伊塔玛·曼为逃离自己国家和跨越暴力边界的难民的权利辩护。
【演讲主题】捍卫移民人权的新方法
A new approach to defending the human rights of migrants
00:00
A decade ago, after a peaceful revolution toppled the longtime Tunisian dictator Ben Ali, I was sitting in an orange grove outside of Athens, Greece. Undocumented migrants were hiding there. I came to interview them about human rights abuses they had suffered while entering Europe. One of them, a Tunisian fellow in a leather jacket, explained. The people who overthrew Ben Ali, they want democracy and a dignified life.“We, who have crossed the Mediterranean, want democracy and a dignified life.”What is the difference? The migrant is a kind of revolutionary. This idea stuck with me and informed my work as a lawyer and a scholar ever since.
【塑造我们的未来】十年前，一场和平的革命推翻了突尼斯长年独裁者本·阿里（BenAli）后，我正坐在希腊雅典郊外的一片橘林里。未登记的非法移民们正藏在那里。我采访了他们，来了解他们进入欧洲时遭受的人权侵犯。其中一个穿着皮夹克的突尼斯男人解释到：那些人们推翻本·阿里是因为他们想要一个民主的、有尊严的生活。“我们不远千里穿过地中海，只是想要一个民主的、有尊严的生活。”有何不同？这些移民也是一类革命者。这个问题从此一直伴随着我并对我以律师和学者身份进行的工作带来了很大影响。
00:49
As Middle Eastern revolutions turned into civil wars, the refugee crisis unfolded in the Mediterranean. This exacerbated political pressures against asylum seekers. Initially, the European Court of Human Rights took a strong stand against border violence. In 2012, the court decided that Italy cannot turn asylum seekers back from the Mediterranean to dangerous Libyan territory, without first hearing them. The human rights community cheered. I was not one of those who cheered.
当中东革命转变成内战后，难民危机在地中海蔓延。这加重了针对寻求庇护者的政治压力。最初，欧洲人权法院强力反对边境暴力。在2012年，法院裁决在未了解寻求庇护者的情况下，意大利不能将他们从地中海遣送回危险的利比亚领土。人权社群为此高声欢呼，而我却不在其中。
01:17
In my scholarship, I predicted that this kind of decision could also generate bad results. States determined to enforce their own borders could turn back asylum seekers even before they enter the supervision of their own courts. I was regretfully correct.
在我的学术研究中，我预测这项裁决可能也会导致不好的结果。各国下定决心巩固边防，以此期盼避难者调转目的地，甚至是在避难者进入本国法院的监督之前。很遗憾，我是对的。
01:33
In recent years, the Italians have relied on Libyan militias to do their dirty work. So eager are some European governments to ditch their own human rights obligations, they've equipped and armed Libyan militia, ignoring their rampant use of torture. This is also why, since January 2014, more than 34,000 migrants have died by drowning in the Mediterranean. And since COVID-19 began, the militarized border in the Mediterranean has become in some ways even more extreme. But how does the militarized border cause deaths by drowning? I'd like to illustrate by a reference to a case I'm currently working on.
最近几年，意大利政府依靠利比亚民兵在做一些见不得人的工作。一些欧洲政府很急切地想要卸下他们自己的人权工作义务，所以他们为利比亚民兵配备装备与武器，而忽视了他们对酷刑的滥用。这也是为什么自2014年1月，至少有3.4万难民在地中海中溺水身亡。另外，在新冠疫情开始之后，地中海的武装边境线在某种程度上变得更加极端。但是这些武装边境线是怎么造成这些溺亡的呢？我想用一个我手头上的案子来详细说明。
02:09
On November 6, 2017, a group of asylum seekers left the Libyan coast and traveled through the Mediterranean, hoping to reach Europe. As the overcrowded boat started to break down, they sent a distress signal, and under international law, states are obligated to facilitate the rescue of vessels in distress. Now, a strange confrontation followed. Two vessels, not one, came to pick up the asylum seekers in distress. One of them was sailing under a European flag, its crew in civilian clothing. The other was a Libyan vessel with its crew armed and in the very uniform of the government that these people had fled. For the asylum seekers, the choice was clear. Many jumped into the water, determined at all costs not to let the Libyans pick them up. Twenty people drowned, victims of a contemporary struggle for liberation across borders.
2017年11月6日，一群寻求庇护者离开了利比亚海岸线，渡过地中海，希望抵达欧洲。在这艘超载的船快要沉没的时候，他们发送了一个求救信号。根据国际法，各国有责任对船只的求救信号伸以援手。现在，一场奇怪的对抗出现了。不止一艘，有两艘船只前去营救那些遇险的避难者。其中一艘船悬挂着欧盟的旗帜，上面的船员穿着普通的便装。另外一艘是利比亚的船，船上是一群穿着政府制服的武装船员，让这群避难者一看就逃跑了。对这些寻求庇护者来说，最终选择显而易见。很多人怀着绝对不能被利比亚政府抓住的决心，跳进了海里。二十人溺亡，他们是当代国界间为自由而战的受害者。
03:01
What I didn't predict a few years back was the courageous response of civil society volunteers such as members of Sea-Watch, who have literally inserted their bodies between the Libyan forces and the migrants in the water.
而我几年前没有预测到的是民间社会志愿者对此的勇敢响应：例如救援船所属海洋观察组织（Sea-Watch）的成员用自己的身躯，强力介入了利比亚武装力量和避难者间的矛盾。
03:13
Crucially, they've also brought back images from cameras on board and body cams. These images allowed my colleagues, Charles Heller and Lorenzo Pezzani to visually reconstruct the events of November 2017. When they came to my team and me asking that we go back to the European Court of Human Rights, I was hesitant. States always have ways to circumvent progressive human rights decisions, but the evidence spoke for itself.
关键是，他们还从船上和随身的相机带回了影像。这些影像让我的同事查尔斯·海勒（CharlesHeller）和洛伦佐·佩扎尼（LorenzoPezzani）能够在视觉上重构当时的场景。当他们找到我们团队并希望我们能够去欧洲人权法法院进行上诉的时候，我是犹豫的。各国总是能够设法规避那些进步性的人权裁决，但证据不言自明。
03:38
With my colleagues Violeta Moreno-Lax and Loredana Leo, we filed the case at the European Court of Human Rights. We argue that Italy, as well as Europe, cannot rely on Libyan militia to sidestep their own accountability. On a high level of generality, the question is when is a point of contact established between a person in need of protection and a state that can protect them. I've called this moment the human rights encounter. It is a dramatic moment in which legal commitments are put to an existential test. It's not about human rights law generally, but a particular person in a particular time. About simple commitments we have to each other as persons. It is not merely by chance that the sea becomes the environment for this large-scale struggle for liberation across borders. As for the court, it has recognized the human rights encounter, when it's physical and direct.
我的同事维尔塔·莫雷诺（VioletaMoreno-Lax），拉克丝·罗蕾达娜（LoredanaLeo）和我一起在欧洲人权法院提起了诉讼。我们认为意大利，和欧洲一样，不能依靠利比亚民兵逃避自己的责任。在更高层面上，真正的问题是什么时候能够建立寻求庇护的人们和能够提供保护的国家间的沟通点。我称此次事件为“人权交锋”。这是一个引人注目的时刻——法律承诺正经历着存在性检测。这无关于笼统的人权法本身，而是关乎着一群特定的人，一个特定的时间，以及我们作为人，对彼此的一份简单承诺。海洋成为大规模跨越国界为自由征战的场所并不仅是偶然。人权法院考虑到人权事件的客观性、直接性，认可了“人权交锋”的用语。
04:31
In the case I just told you about, we go further. Even when mediated by technology or by proxy forces, the underlying commitments to human rights should not change. In my organization, the Global Legal Action Network, we pursue this case I told you about as part of a strategic litigation program. We consider international law and the laws of many countries. We collaborate with researchers and activists who use cutting edge technologies to document violations across many borders. As war, persecution and climate change continue, we believe this strategy will redefine the future of human rights lawyering. The future of human rights lawyering is not only about a struggle against one corrupt leader or another. It's also about questions concerning how do we all inhabit this planet together?
在上述分享的案件中，我们的工作愈行愈远。即使能通过技术或者代理部队进行调解，根本性的人权承诺也不应改变。我的全球法律行动网络组织（GlobalLegalActionNetwork）将此案件视为战略诉讼计划的一部分，追踪此案。我们顾及国际法以及多国法律，同时与研究人员和活动家们合作——他们使用前沿科技来记录国界线上的暴力冲突。大小战争、政府迫害和气候变化仍未停止，我们相信这项战略行动将重新定义人权律师行业。人权律师行业的未来不只在于对一个个腐败领袖的抗争，同时也关乎于我们怎样共同居住在这个星球。
05:19
Thank you.
谢谢。