英语听力汇总   |   高度发达的玛雅文明

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更新日期:2013-12-26浏览次数:2568次所属教程:英语漫读

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Highly developed Mayan civilization

The view from there found, then the degree of civilization of the Mayan is very developed, their technological level is even higher than our technological level. They have a calendar, to study the moon, the sun and the Earth, the stars, proficient in astronomy and mathematics. Mayan calendar with a calendar in the world are not the same, which makes the most difficult to understand is that they use digital unit is surprisingly large, like the the astronomical calculations required a high degree of purification of the digital system.

In fact, the Mayan understanding of celestial bodies far beyond the solar system. A Mayan calendar called family Belkin "(Tzolkin) impressively recording the Milky Way seasonal change (GalaticSeasons)! No wonder the scientists said Maya human universe traveler "(Galatic Navigator). Since the Mayans can detect the Milky Way seasons change, so if it is able to decipher the Mayan calendar in the records of the parties concerned, for us to understand the mystery of human life and the universe are bound to have a lot of inspiration.

Mayan pyramid that is second only to the pyramids of Egypt, the most famous pyramid building. They do not look like the pyramids of Egypt is a golden yellow, is a quadrangular pyramid has been somewhat eroded over thousands of years of wind and rain. Mayan pyramid is relatively short, but also by boulders piled stone gray, entire pyramid is gray-white, he did not fully tapered top of a ritual of the Temple. Around the Mayan pyramids have four staircases, each stairs 92 first-order, four stairs plus top order of three hundred sixty-five order (91x4 +1 = 365), just good days in a year.

Maya attaches great importance to astronomy data, these figures on the laws of celestial bodies everywhere in his building. In addition to the ladder number each fifty-two the four corners of relief, said five years of the century Mayan pyramid surrounded by.

These buildings today's point of view is enough amazing. Mayan pyramid, how the huge stones cut chisel, carried to the depths of the jungle, then a block of more than 10 tons of stones piled up heaps high seven ten meters, if there is no state-of-the-art transport and from the heavy equipment, it is difficult to accomplish this task. National living in the jungle, why spend so much effort to establish a network of astronomical observations? Historical records, the telescope Galileo invented until the sixteenth century, and then only the emergence of large-scale Observatory, astronomical observation network concept is modern, this concept is quite advanced. It can certainly Mayan time science today compared favorably.

No one would feel great right from the primary school Arabic numerals must! But ten digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 arranged. Maybe we do not know, this concept of 0 Arabs brought to Europe from India in ancient times, Europeans do not have such a simple digital concept. Greeks good at invention, but they must be the number of letters to write; Romans will use digital, but only four digits graphically represented.

Mayans used that a cross, with a shell-shaped symbols represent zero to represent numbers

Archaeologists study the Mayan digital systems, digital expression abacus abacus with the same purpose. They use three symbols:, a cross, a shell-shaped symbols represent zero ─ ─ can represent any number. Similar principle is applied in the computer "binary system".

This counting method, you can use the digital astronomy, discovered in Guatemala Giri melon called Stone subject of carved stone pillars, recorded figures of 90 million years, 400 million years.

Maya meter units surprisingly, archaeologists already know the value:

In twenty day a Venal

Eighteen Venal a Tuen equal to Three Six ○ day

Twenty Tuen a card Tuen adieu ○ ○

The twenty cards Tuen a Buck Tuen equal forty-four thousand ○ ○ ○ Day

Twenty Buck Tuen the one gram Tuen equal to 280 eighty thousand days

The twenty grams Tun a Calabria the Tuen equal Wuqi ○ Wan sixth day

Twenty Calabria Tuen Ginch ear Tuen equal to eleven hundred and fifty days ○ ○ million

Twenty of Ginch ears Tuen as a equal to Allah Tuen, Ersan ○ billion of ○ ○ ○ Day

Why develop such large numbers? This figure units to less than even modern. Such large numbers to the scientific point of view, perhaps only one discipline is used, it is astronomy. Astronomers often use digital units intergalactic distance only astronomy astronomical "to be so large.[page]

  高度发达的玛雅文明

  从现在已有发现来看,玛雅人当时的文明程度是非常发达的,他们的科技水平比今天我们的科技水平还要高。他们有历法,研究月球、太阳和地球等星体,精通天文和数学。玛雅历与世界上任何一种历法都不一样,其中使人最难以理解的是,他们所使用的数字单位出奇的大,仿佛是天文学计算所需要的高度洗炼的数字体系。

  其实玛雅人对天体的认识远远超出了太阳系。在一个玛雅人称为“族尔金”(Tzolkin)的历法里赫然记录着银河系的季候变化(GalaticSeasons)!怪不得科学家称玛雅人为“宇宙旅行者” (Galatic Navigator)。既然玛雅人可以测知银河系季候的变化,那么如果能够把玛雅历中有关方面的记载破译出来,对于我们了解人类、生命及宇宙的奥秘必然会有许多的启示。

  玛雅的金字塔可说是仅次于埃及金字塔的最出名的金字塔建筑了。他们看起来不太一样,埃及金字塔是金黄色的,是一个四角锥形,经过几千年风吹雨打已经有点腐蚀了。玛雅的金字塔比较矮一点,也是由巨石堆成,石头是灰白色的,整个金字塔也是灰白色的,他不完全是锥形的,顶端有一个祭神的神殿。玛雅金字塔四周各有四座楼梯,每座楼梯有九十一阶,四座楼梯加上最上面一阶共三六五阶(91x4+1=365),刚刚好是一年的天数。

  玛雅人非常重视天文学的数据,他的建筑里处处都是这些关于天体运行规律的数字。除了阶梯数目外,金字塔四面各有五十二个四角浮雕,表示玛雅的一世纪五十二年。

  这些建筑物以今天的角度看也足以令人称奇。以玛雅金字塔来说,巨大的石块如何切凿,搬运到丛林的深处,再把一块块十几吨的石块堆积起来,堆高至七十米处,要是没有先进的交通工具及起重设备,是难以完成这个任务的。而生活在丛林里的民族,为什么要花这么大的功夫,建立一个天文观测网?历史记载,望远镜是伽利略十六世纪才发明的,接着才有大型天文台的出现,而天文观测网的观念是近代才出现的,这样的观念可说是相当先进。由此可以肯定的是,玛雅人当时的科学与今天相比毫不逊色。

  我们从小学的阿拉伯数字一定没有人会觉得很了不起吧!不过就是1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、0这十个数字的排列。也许大家不知道,这个0的观念是阿拉伯人从印度带到欧洲的,古时候欧洲人没有这么简单的数字概念。希腊人擅于发明,但他们必须用字母来写数目;罗马人虽然会使用数字,但只能用图解方式以四个数字来代表。

  玛雅人使用一点、一横、与一个代表零的贝形符号来表示数字

  考古学家研究玛雅人的数字系统时,发现他们的数字表达与算盘的算珠有异曲同工之妙。他们使用三个符号:一点、一横、一个代表零的贝形符号──就可以表示任何数字。类似的原理今天被应用在电脑的“二进位制”上。

  这种计数方法,可以使用于天文学的数字,在瓜地马拉的吉里瓜所发现称为石标的雕刻石柱中,记载着九千万年、四亿年的数字。

  玛雅计日的单位出奇的大,考古学家已经知道的数值为:

  二○日为一维纳尔

  一八维纳尔为一屯等于三六○日

  二○屯为一卡屯等于七二○○日

  二○卡屯为一巴克屯等于一四万四○○○日

  二○巴克屯为一匹克屯 等于二八八万日

  二○匹克屯为一卡拉布屯 等于五七六○万日

  二○卡拉布屯为一金奇耳屯 等于一一亿五二○○万日

  二○金奇耳屯为一阿拉屯等于二三○亿四○○○万日

  为何要发展出这么大的数字?这个数字单位大到即使是现代人也用不到。以今天的科学眼光来看,这么大的数字也许只有一种学科会用到,那就是天文学。天文学家常常要用很大的数字单位表示星系间的距离,只有天文学的“天文数字”才会这么大。