What is ethics　什么是道德伦理

     What is ethics? It is clearly not a matter of following one's feelings. A person following his or her feelings may recoil from doing what is right. In fact, feelings frequently deviate from what is ethical.
     Nor should one identify ethics with religion. Most religions, of course, advocate high ethical standards. Yet if ethics were confined to religion, then ethics would apply only to religious people. But ethics applies as much to the behavior of the atheist as to that of the saint. Religion can set high ethical standards and can provide intense motivations for ethical behavior. Ethics, however, cannot be confined to religion nor is it the same as religion.
     Being ethical is also not the same as following the law. The law often incorporates ethical standards to which most citizens subscribe. But laws, like feelings, can deviate from what is ethical. Our own pre-Civil War slavery laws and the old apartheid laws of present-day South Africa are grotesquely obvious examples of laws that deviate from what is ethical.
     Finally, being ethical is not the same as doing "whatever society accepts." In any society, most people accept standards that are, in fact, ethical. But standards of behavior in society can deviate from what is ethical. An entire society can become ethically corrupt. Nazi Germany is a good example of a morally corrupt society.
     Moreover, if being ethical were doing "whatever society accepts", then to find out what is ethical, one would have to find out what society accepts. To decide what I should think about abortion, for example, I would have to take a survey of American society and then confirm my beliefs to whatever society accepts. But no one ever tries to decide an ethical issue by doing a survey. Further, the lack of social consensus on many issues makes it impossible to equate ethics with whatever society accepts. Some people accept abortion but many others do not. If being ethical were doing whatever society accepts, one would have to find an agreement on issues which does not, in fact, exist.
     What, then, is ethics? Ethics is two things. First, ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics, for example, refers to those standards that impose the reasonable obligations to refrain from rape, stealing, murder, assault, slander, and fraud. Ethical standards also include those that enjoin virtues of honesty, compassion, and loyalty. And, ethical standards include standards relating to rights, such as the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy. Such standards are adequate standards of ethics because they are supported by consistent and well-founded reasons.
     Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards. As mentioned above, feelings, laws, and social norms can deviate from what is ethical. So it is necessary to constantly examine one's standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded. Ethics also means, then, the continuous effort of studying our own moral beliefs and our moral conduct, and striving to ensure that we, and the institutions we help to shape, live up to standards that are reasonable and solidly-based.
     什么是道德，或道德的实质是什么，这是数千年来一直困扰着无数哲学家和伦理学家的一个深不见底的问题。依照其美德伦理学，亚里士多德把道德（arete--通译为"善"）视作为支配人们选择的某种理想的品质。根据其道德情感论，休谟把道德视作为源自人性中的自然原则即"同情心"的某种"约定"（convention）。出于其批判哲学的进路和对理性的划分，康德把道德（法则）界说为人的实践理性中的"定言命令"（categorical imperative）。基于其元伦理学（meta-ethics）的理论建构，斯蒂文森（Richard L. Stevenson）把道德视作为知识领域之外的某种"态度"。依照其规定主义伦理学（prescriptivism ethics），黑尔（Richard M. Hare）把道德归诸为某种语言的"命定性"（prescriptivism）和"可普遍化性"（universalizability）。在什么是道德和伦理的问题上，还是维特根斯坦来得简单：伦理问题是"超验的"，是"不可言说"的。

     Spitting on the floor is an unethical behavior.
     随地吐痰是不道德的行为。
     The cannibalistic ethics of feudal society should be banned.
     吃人的封建礼教应当被取缔。
     Human behaviors are restricted by ethics.
     人们的行为都受到道德伦理的约束。
     Any code of ethics must be predicated upon the basic principles of truth and honesty.
     任何伦理的规约都必须以真实与诚实的基本原则为依据。
     We should abide by and promote compliance with the IIA Code of Ethics.
     我们应当遵守国际内部审计师协会的《职业道德规范》，并加强其遵循程度。
     We should go against the acts that are contrary to our code of ethics.
     我们应当抵制与我们的道德标准相悖的行为。
     If you're not taking care of your job well, if you're always late, if you're overpromising and under delivering, there's no way for you to win people's trust.
     如果你的工作做不好，总是迟到，信口开河，不履行承诺，那么没有人会信任你。
     Ethical problems cannot be solved by fist.
     道德问题不能靠拳头来解决。
     The companies should creates and fosters a culture of business practices, instills an awareness of the commitment to the UTC Code of Ethics and performs responsibilities in compliance with the Code.
     公司应该建立培养一种商业行为的文化，灌输UTC商业道德标准的意识，并按照此标准履行责任。
     Ethics is a branch of philosophy.
     伦理学是哲学的分支。
     We can't divorce science from ethical questions.
     我们不能使科学和伦理问题截然分开。
     Article 44 Members of the bid assessment committees shall objectively and impartially perform their duties, comply with the code of ethics and be personally liable for their assessment opinions.
     第四十四条评标委员会成员应当客观、公正地履行职务，遵守职业道德，对所提出的评审意见承担个人责任。
     Ethics has important function and is an indispensable and important tool in dealing with these relations between the employees, employees and administrators etc.
     在企业管理中，员工之间、员工与顾客之间、员工与管理者之间等等都是人与人发生关系的某个特殊领域，在处理这些关系中伦理是不可或缺的重要工具。