情态动词是高考考查的重点语法项目之一，2005年全国17套高考试题对此都有考查。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析，以便同学们复习掌握。

一、情态动词表推测

1. 肯定的推测一般用must, should, may(might)或could(不用can)，其中，must的语气最强，译为“肯定”、“准是”、“想必是”;should的语气次之，译为“很可能”、“应该”，指按常理推测;may(might)，could的语气最弱，译为“也许”、“可能”。

①Helen _______ go on the trip with us but she isn’t quite sure yet. (2005年安徽卷)

A. shall B. must

C. may D. can

②—I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.

—It ___ Harry’s. He always wears green. (2005年广东卷)

A. has to be B. will be

C. mustn’t be D. could be

③I have lost one of my gloves. I _______ it somewhere.(2005年北京春季卷)

A. must drop

B. must have dropped

C. must be dropping

D. must have been dropped

④If I ____ plan to do anything I wanted to ,I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. (2005年湖北卷)

A. would B. could

C. had to D. ought to

Key: C D B B

2. 否定推测分为两种情况：

1)语气不很肯定时，常用may not, might not或could not，译为“可能不”、“也许不”。

You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ______ not like the design of the furniture. (2004年上海春季卷)

A. must B. shall

C. may D. need

Key： C

2)否定语气较强时，则用can’t，译为“根本不可能”、“想必不会”，表示惊异、怀疑的感情色彩。

①—Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.

—Well. He ______ have gone far——his coat’s still here.(2005年湖北卷)

A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t

C. can’t D. wouldn’t

②— Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?

— No, it _______ be him I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses. (2004年全国卷Ⅰ)

A. can’t B. must not

C. won’t D. may not

Key: C A

3. 疑问句中的推测，往往用can或could。

Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How ______ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony?(2001年上海春季卷)

A. can B. should

C. may D. must

Key：A

4. 对已发生事情的肯定推测常用“must, may, might等+完成式”;否定推测常用“can, could, may, might等+完成式”。

①I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They _______ at least 150 kilometers an hour.(2005年重庆卷)

A. should have been doing

B. must have been doing

C. could have done

D. would have done

②He _______ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by seaside. (2005年北京卷)

A. should B. must

C. wouldn’t D. can’t

③—Tom is never late for work. Why is be absent today?

—Something ________ to him. (2005年江西卷)

A. must happen

B. should have happened

C. could have happened

D. must have happened

④ My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he_____your lecture.(2000年上海卷)

A. couldn’t have attended

B. needn’t have atterded

C. mustn’t have attended

D. shouldn’t have attended

Key: B B D A

二、“情态动词+完成式”

1. “should(ought to)+完成式”表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做。其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。

①—I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.

— You________ her last week. (2004年福建卷)

A. ought to tell

B. would have told

C. must tell

D. should have told

②Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach, I _____ so much fried chicken just now. (2002年上海春季卷)

A. shouldn’t eat

B. mustn’t have eaten

C. shouldn’t have eaten

D. mustn’t eat

Key: D C

2. “could+完成式”表示本来能够做成某事的但结果没能做成，含有遗憾的意味。

He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free. (2005年山东卷)

A. could B. would

C. must D. need

Key：A

3. “needn’t+不定式的完成式”表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事。例如：

You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.你本不需要浇花的，因为天就要下雨了。

— Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.

— Thanks. You ______ it. I could manage it myself. (2005年福建卷)

A. needn’t do

B. needn’t have done

C. mustn’t do

D. shouldn’t have done

Key: B[page]

三、常见的情态动词

1. shall用于一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方意见;用于二、三人称陈述句表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。

①“The interest be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides，” declared the judge. (2004年重庆卷)

A. may B. should

C. must D. shall

②—Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.

— You ______ have my computer if you don’t take care of it. (2004年湖南卷)

A. shan’t B. might not

C. needn’t D. shouldn’t

③ — The room is so dirty. ______ we clean it?

— Of course. (2003年北京春季卷)

A. Will B. Shall

C. Would D. Do

Key: D A B

2. must用于疑问句，表示责备、抱怨的感情色彩，意思为“偏偏，偏要”;mustn’t表示禁止，是说话人强有力的劝告。

①John, look at the time. _______ you play the piano at such a late hour? (2005年全国卷Ⅲ)

A. Must B. Can

C. May D. Need

②Tom, you leave all your clothes on the floor like this! (2005年全国卷Ⅰ)

A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t

C. needn’t D. may not

Key: A B

3. needn’t表示“没有必要”。

— Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.

— She ______. I’ve already borrowed one. (2005年湖南卷)

A. can’t B. mustn’t

C. needn’t D. shouldn’t

Key: C

4. would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。

When he was there, he ___ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.(1996年上海卷)

A. would B. should

C. had better D. might

Key: A

5. 表示经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to，而不能用could。

The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _____ get out. (1997年全国卷)

A. had to B. would

C. was able to D. could

Key：C

6. 考查情态动词用作答语的情况

①—Write to me when you get home.

— _______. (2001年北京春季卷)

A. I must B. I should

C. I will D. I can

② — Could I call you by your first name?

—Yes, you ______. (1998年上海卷)

A. will B. could

C. may D. might

Key：C C

巩固练习：

1. Michael ______ be a policeman, for he is much too short.

A. needn’t B. can’t

C. should D. may

2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ____ for her.

A. had to write it out

B. must have written it out

C. should have written it out

D. ought to write it out

3. Jack _____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me.

A. mustn’t have arrived

B. shouldn’t have arrived

C. can’t have arrived

D. needn’t have arrived

4. Sir, you ______be sitting in this waiting room. It is for women and children only.

A. mustn’t B. can’t

C. won’t D. needn’t

5. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _______ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.

A. should B. can

C. must D. will

6. — Is John coming by train?

— He should, but he _____ not. He likes driving his car.

A. must B. can

C. need D. may

7. It has been announced that candidates _______ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.

A. can B. will

C. may D. shall

8. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ______ be so rude to a lady.

A. might B. need

C. should D. would

9. —Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.

—_______.

A. I don’t B. I won’t

C. I can’t D. I haven’t

10. I didn’t see her in the meeting-room this morning. She ______ at the meeting.

A. mustn’t have spoken

B. shouldn’t have spoken

C. needn’t have spoken

D. couldn’t have spoken

答案与解析

1. B 从第二个分句“他太矮了”可以推知说话者持否定态度，needn’t意思是“没有必要”，与语境不符。

2. C 根据句意“我已经告诉她怎样到那儿，但是或许我应该给她写下来”可知，说话者含有“后悔、遗憾”的意味，应使用“情态动词+完成式”形式，“must+完成式”表示对过去的肯定推测，“should+完成式”才表示虚拟意义。

3. C 根据第二分句“否则的话他就会给我打电话了”可知“Jack肯定还没到”，“can’t+完成式”意思是“根本不可能”。

4. A 从第二分句可知，这是妇女和儿童专用候车室，因此你“不准”坐在这儿。mustn’t表示“禁止，不准”。

5. B can在此表示许可。

6. D 从后一句“他喜欢开车”可知说话者把握不大。must not不表示推测，can not的语气太绝对，意思是“根本不可能”。

7. D shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、威胁等意思。

8. C should在此表示惊讶的感情色彩，意思是“竟然”。

9. B 对祈使句的肯定回答用I will;否定回答用I won’t。

10. D 根据句意“我今天上午在会议室没见到她”， 所以“她根本不可能在会上发言”。表示“根本不可能”用can’t/couldn’t have done形式。[page]

动词时态考点追踪

近几年高考试题侧重对动词各种用法的考查，其中又以考查动词时态为重中之重。为了帮助同学们备考，以近几年高考题为例，对高考常考的时态的概念及考点进行分析归纳。

一、对一般现在时的考查

1)考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对同学们进行干扰。如：

1. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which ________ the Pacific, and we met no storm. (2005年辽宁卷)

A. was called B. is called

C. had been called

D. has been called

(划线的为答案，以下同)

2. Although he has lived with us for years, he ___ us much impression. (2004年上海春季卷)

A. hadn’t left

B. didn’t leave

C. doesn’t leave

D. hasn’t left

2)考查一般现在时的替代用法：在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before 等引导的时间状语从句，在以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：

3. — What would you do if it _____ tomorrow?

— We have to carry it on ,since we’ve got everything ready. (2005年全国卷)

A. rain B. rains

C. will rain D. is raining

二、对一般过去时的考查

一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。如：

4. More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year. (2005年上海卷)

A. sent

B. were sent

C. had sent

D. had been sent

三、对现在进行时的考查

现在进行时由“be+现在分词”，被动结构为“am\is\are+being+过去分词”构成。如：

5. — What’s the terrible noise?

— The neighbours ____ for a party. (2004年北京卷)

A. have prepared

B. are preparing

C. prepare

D. will prepare

注①表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词have, hear, see, like, contain, belong to, have on, understand, know 等一般不用进行时。

②进行时与always, often, forever, constantly等连用，表示一种感情(如赞扬、厌烦等)。

③现在进行时与一般现在时的区别是：前者表示动作的暂时性而后者表示动作的长期性。

四、对过去进行时的考查

1)把过去进行时放在when, while, as 等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景;动作时间短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。

6. —You were out when I dropped in at your house.

—Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport. (2004年福建卷)

A. was waiting

B. had waited

C. am waiting

D. have waited

2)把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。

7. —Has Sam finished his homework today?

—I have no idea. He ____ it this morning. (2004年全国卷)

A. did B. has done

C. was doing D. had done

3)考查过去进行时与一般过去时的比较。

8. Shirely ________ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.

A. has written B. wrote

C. had written

D. was writing

五、对现在完成时的考查

1)现在完成时不仅表示动作在说话之前已经完成，而且强调动作对现在的影响或表示经验。

9. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents ____ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.(2005年湖北卷)

A. were deciding

B. have decided

C. decided

D. will decide

10. Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ___by a storm which swept across the north of England last night. (2005年重庆卷)

A. has been caused

B. had been caused

C. will be caused

D. will have been caused

2)现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并有可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语连用。如：

11. —The window is dirty.

— I know. It ________ for weeks. (2004年全国卷)

A. hasn’t cleaned

B. didn’t clean

C. wasn’t cleaned

D. hasn’t been cleaned

注：由终止性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy, borrow, see等构成的完成时不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。如：I haven’t met him for two years.

3)考查现在完成时与一般过去式的区别：一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在不发生联系，且句中一般有表示过去的时间状语;而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现在有影响。如：

12. —Where _________ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.

— I ____ it right here. But now it’s gone.

A. did you put; have put

B. have you put; put

C. had you put; was putting

D. were you putting; put

六、对现在完成进行时的考查

现在完成进行时是由“have / has been+现在分词”构成，表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。它与现在完成时的区别如下：

1)现在完成时强调的是完成的动作，而现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作，这个动作刚停止或仍在继续。如：

I have written an article. (已完成)

I have been writing an article. (还在写)

2)有些延续性动词，如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。如：

I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.

另外注意的是：表短暂动作的动词(finish, marry, get up, come, go等)一般不能用现在完成进行时。

13. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ____ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. (2004年北京卷)

A. had considered

B. has been considering

C. considered

D. is going to consider

七、对过去完成时态的考查

过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，常用此时态。如：

14. — George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?

—No, I ___. Did they have a big wedding? (2004年湖北卷)

A. was not invited

B. have not been invited

C. hadn’t been invited

D. didn’t invite

过去完成时的常见考点有：

1)把过去完成时放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。如：

15. When the old man ___ to walk back to his house, the sun ___ itself behind the mountain. (2005年湖北卷)

A. started; had already hidden

B. had started; had already hidden

C. had started; was hiding

D. was starting; hid

2) 把过去完成时放在by + 时间点或by the time + 从句的句子里考查。如：

16. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium ___ in Beijing. (2003年上海春)

A. would be completed

B. was being completed

C. hasn’t been completed

D. had been completed

3)把过去完成时放在scarcely (hardly)…when…和no sooner…than结构中考查。

17. He____ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.

A. has no sooner got

B. no sooner got

C. will no sooner get

D. had no sooner got

4)把过去完成时放在主句是过去式的宾语从句中考查。如：

18. —Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.

—Oh! I thought they ___ without me. (2005年江西卷)

A. went B. are going

C. have gone D. had gone

5)表愿望的动词think, hope, want, mean 等动词用过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的打算或意图。如：

19. Tom ____ of visiting his grandmother, but the bad weather made him change his mind.

A. has thought B. thought

C. had thought

D. had been thought

6)把过去完成时放在某些固定句式中考查。如：“It was + 时间段 + since引导的从句”和“It was the first time + 从句”等.

20. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I____ a good drink.

A. had enjoyed

B. was enjoying

C. enjoyed

D. had been enjoyed

八、对将来时态的考查

一般将来时的谓语动词形式有be going to+动词原形;will / shall+ 动词原形; be to + 动词原形所在的句中一般有时间状语;但be about to do不可与段时间状语连用。

常见考点如下：

1)把将来时放在祈使句中考查。由于祈使句具有假设条件意义，后一分句在这一条件下要产生的结果，所以要用将来时。如：

21. Let’s keep to the point or we ____ any decisions. (2004年全国卷)

A. will never reach

B. have never reached

C. never reach

D. never reached

2)某些移动性动词或趋向动词如leave, start, go ,arrive, come, stay，finish等用进行时可表示将来意义。如：

22. —Are you still busy?

—Yes, I ____ my work, and it won’t take long. (2005年浙江卷)

A. just finish

B. am just finishing

C. have just finished

D. am just going to finish

3)考查“be going to+动词原形”与“will + 动词原形”的区别：前者表示已经决定或安排要做的事，而后者表示“临时决定去做某事”。如：

23. — Did you tell Julia about the result?

—Oh, no, I forgot. I ______ her now. (2005年全国卷)

A. will be calling

B. will call

C. am going to call

D. am to call

4)考查“be going to+动词原形”可表示有某迹象表明必然或很可能发生的事情。如：

24. Look at these clouds.

______.

A. It’ll rain

B. It’s going to rain

C. It’ll be raining

D. It is to rain

5)考查将来进行时的用法，表示将来一段具体时间内正在进行的动作。

25. At this time tomorrow _______ over the Atlantic. (2003年北京卷)

A. we’re going to fly

B. we’ll be flying

C. we’ll fly

D. we’re to fly

6)考查将来完成时的用法，指将来某一时刻已完成的动作，用于将来完成时的时间状语如下：

by the time+从句;by the end of + 将来时间的名词;by+将来时间名词等。

26. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt ______ for London to attend a meeting. (2005年天津卷)

A. will leave B. leaves

C. will have left D. left