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第7章 动词概说 7.1 动词的种类

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2019年04月27日

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7.1 动词的种类

7.1.1 动词的种类

动词主要分作下面几类:

● 及物动词(Transitive Verbs)

● 不及物动词(Intransitive Verbs)

● 兼作及物动词和不及物动词的动词(Ergative Verbs)

● 双宾动词(Ditransive Verbs)

● 成语动词(Phrasal Verbs)

● 系动词(Link-Verbs)

● 助动词和情态动词(Auxiliary Verbs and Modal Verbs)

7.1.2 及物动词

1) 这类动词通常都跟有宾语,如:

She committed a serious error. 她犯了一个严重的错误。

They were busy making artificial flowers. 他们在忙着做纸花。

The child needed constant attention. 这孩子需要经常照顾。

Where did you put the key? 你把钥匙放哪儿了?

这类动词很多,常见的如:

2) 有些及物动词以表示人的名词或代词作宾语:

I'll contact you as soon as I arrive. 我一到就会和你联系。

Her attitude surprised me. 她的态度使我吃惊。

He often teased his sister. 他常常逗他的妹妹。

Her words comforted the sobbing child. 她的话给了那哭泣的孩子以安慰。

常见的这类动词如:

3) 还有些及物动词和一个介词短语或副词连用:

Shakespeare compared the world to a stage. 莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。

This song reminded me of my childhood. 这首歌使我想起了童年。

I couldn't rid myself of this melancholy mood. 我无法摆脱这种忧郁的情绪。

He promised to treat us to dinner. 他答应请我们吃饭。

常见的这类短语有:

4) 有几个及物动词可以和许多名词一道表示动作,这类动词称为虚意动词(Delexical Verbs),最常见的是下面几个:

have可以跟:

give可以跟:

take可以跟:

make可以跟:

相关用法的例句可查阅《现代英语用法词典》。

5) 动词do可以跟许多名词作宾语,意思随后面的名词而变化:

Go and do your hair. 去梳梳头。

Have you done your teeth? 你刷牙了吗?

She was doing the dishes. 她在洗盘子。

Can you do the room now? 你现在能打扫房间了吗?

When are you to do the windows? 你什么时候擦窗子?

He found her doing the flowers. 他发现她在插花。

Do they do science at school? 他们在学校学科学课程吗?

He's learning to do sums. 他在学做算术题。

The group is doing‘Macbeth'. 这个剧团在演《麦克佩斯》。

We did two concerts last week. 上星期我们听了两场音乐会。

Have you done the Tower? 你参观伦敦塔了吗?

We did Spain in two weeks. 我们在西班牙游览了两周。

He does seventy-five on the freeway. 在高速公路上他开车时速为七十五英里。

We did the journey in six hours. 路上我们走了六小时。

He did ten years for armed robbery. 他因持枪抢劫入狱十年。

The barber will do you next. 理发师下一个将给你理。

He does his guests well. 他把客人招待得很好。

That shopkeeper did me. 那个商店老板骗了我。

He has done an excellent article. 他写了一篇精彩的文章。

She did some pretty sketches. 她画了几张漂亮的素描。

Jane did most of the talking. 大部分时间是简在说话。

Who does the cooking? 谁做饭?

She's doing her knitting. 她在织毛线。

7.1.3 不及物动词

1) 这类动词都不跟宾语,例如:

I itch all over. 我浑身发痒。

She flushed and made no answer. 她脸红了,没有回答。

When did it happen? 这事什么时候发生的?

He was shivering all over. 他浑身发抖。

下面这些动词通常作不及物动词:

2) 有些动词在多数情况下用作vi(不及物动词),间或用作vt.(及物动词),这时意思不同:

用作vi. 用作vt.

* * *

* * *

She doesn't run fast. 她跑得不快。 She runs a store. 她经营一家商店。

They advanced 40 miles. 他们推进了40英里。 He advanced a new theory. 他提出了一个新理论。

The sun is shining. 阳光灿烂。 Shine your shoes. 把你的皮鞋擦一擦。

Why are you crying? 你为什么哭? She cried herself to sleep. 她哭着哭着睡着了。

还有少数动词通常作vi.,但可跟同源宾语,如laugh,smile,sleep,live等词都如此。(关于这一点可参阅第13.3.3节)

3) 还有些动词经常和某个介词连用,如:

The plan depends on the weather. 这计划得靠天气决定。

She objected to the idea. 她反对这个主意。

Don't refer to that matter again. 不要再提此事。

I care very little for fame now. 我现在对名气不怎么在乎。

常见的这类结构有:

7.1.4 兼作及物和不及物动词的词

英语中大部分动词都既可作vt.,也可作vi.,只能作一种动词而不能作另一种动词的是少数。兼作两种动词的情况很多,大致上有下面这些情况:

1) 用于一个意义时为vt.,用于另一个意义时为vi.:

用作vt. 用作vi.

* * *

* * *

Happy to meet you. 见到你很高兴。 When shall we meet? 我们何时碰头?

Mind the dog. 当心有狗。 I'm sure he won't mind. 我肯定他不会在意。

She couldn't stand the cold. 她受不了严寒。 Don't stand in the rain. 别站在雨里。

Don't move my things. 别动我的东西。 The train is moving now. 火车开动了。

Smoking hurts you. 吸烟对你有害。 My head hurts. 我头疼。

He hanged himself in sorrow. 在悲痛中他悬梁自尽了。 Her portrait hangs over the mantel piece.她的画像挂在壁炉台上方。

They beat him unconsccions. 他们把他打得不省人事。 Her heart was beating violently. 她的心猛烈地跳动着。

Please pass me the salt. 请把盐递给我。 The winter finally passed. 冬天终于过去了。

因此,在学某一个具体的动词时,要经常注意它在什么时候用作vt.,什么时候用作vi.。

2) 有些动词在意思基本上不变的情况下,有时用作vt.,有时用作vi.,例如:

用作vt. 用作vi.

* * *

* * *

Can you help me? 你能帮我吗? Every little helps. (谚)积少成多。

Tigers eat meat. 老虎吃肉。 We eat at six. 我们六点吃饭。

She isn't going to marry him. 她不准备嫁他。 Don't marry in haste. 不要匆忙结婚。

Sing us a song, please. 请给我们唱一支歌。 Who's singing there? 谁在那儿唱歌?

She speaks good English. 她英文讲得很好。 Who is speaking? 谁在讲话?

She's typing a letter. 她在打一封信。 She's typing. 她在打字。

Who wrote the poem? 这诗谁写的? He writes very well. 他文笔很好。

She's studying medicine. 她在学医。 She studies hard. 她学习很用功。

在学每一个英语动词时都要注意在意思大体上不变的情况下是否既可作vt.,又可作vi.。

3) 有些动词通常作及物动词,但有时宾语不必讲出(从上下文中可以看出),因此也就成了不及物动词,如:

His father came yesterday. ——Yes, I know (it). 他父亲昨天来了。——是的,我知道。

I'm sure she didn't notice (it). 我肯定她没注意(此事)。

Oh, yes. Now I remember (it). 啊,是的。我想起来了。

What's his name? "I forget (it)." “他叫什么名字?”“我忘了”。

He aimed at the black spot and missed (it). 他瞄准黑点但没击中。

Why didn't you answer (me)? 你为什么不回答(我)?

He didn't understand (it) very well. 他不很理解。

Who won (the game)? 谁赢了(比赛)?

4) 还有些动词可作vt.,也可作vi.,后面可跟介词短语:

用作vt. 用作vi.

* * *

* * *

I'll fight you. 我来和你打。 They fought with each other. 他们互相斗殴。

England is playing Australia. 英国对阵澳大利亚。 David played against Louise. 大卫和路易斯比赛。

He wandered the streets.他在街上漫步。 They wandered in the park. 他们在公园里漫步。

Will you check the figures? 你要不要把数字核对一遍? First check on your answers. 先核对一下你的答案。

She's walking the street. 她在街上行走。 She walked along (through) the street.她沿着那条街走。

He ruled Britain for 60 years. 他统治英国达六十年。 He ruled over the empire for a long time.他长期统治这个帝国。

The whole nation mourned his death. 全国哀悼他的逝世。 We mourn for our fallen officers and men. 我们为阵亡将士哀伤。

Zilla mocked him as a country boy. 齐拉嘲笑他是个乡下孩子。 He mocked at my pronunciation. 他嘲笑我的发音。

这种现象值得注意。

5) 有些动词,随着主语不同而可用作vt.或vi.,例如:

作vt. 作vi.

* * *

* * *

The continual strain aged her. 持续的劳累使她衰老了。 He's ag(e)ing fast.他老得很快。

He began a series of experiments. 他开始了一连串的试验。 When does the play begin? 戏什么时候开始?

Boil the potatoes for 20 minutes. 把土豆煮20分钟。 The water is boiling. 水开了。

Take care not to break it. 小心别把它打破了。 Brittle things break easily. 脆的东西容易破碎。

这类动词很多,常见的如:

7.1.5 双宾动词

1) 有不少动词后面可以跟两个宾语,前面为间接宾语,后面为直接宾语:

主 语 谓 语 间接宾语 直接宾语

* * *

* * *

* * *

* * *

They granted us a loan.

I will lend you my typewriter.

We owed him 100 dollars.

Hand me the timetable

间接宾语有时可以放到后面去,不过前面要加介词to,如:

They granted a loan to us.

I'll lend my typewriter to you.

We owed 100 dollars to him.

Hand the timetable to me.

常见的这类动词有:

2) 另有一批动词,也可跟两个宾语,但把间接宾语放在后部时,要改为由for引导的短语,如:

跟两个宾语 包含for引导的短语

* * *

* * *

Sing us a song, please. Please sing a song for us.

Father bought me a camera. Father bought a camera for me.

Fetch me the evening paper. Fetch the evening paper for me.

Play us some light music. Play some light music for us.

这类动词常见的有:

3) 还有少数动词也跟两个宾语,但很少把间接宾语放到句子后面去:

I'll never forgive you that lie. 我永远不会原谅你那次撒谎。

I wish you good luck. 祝你好运。

I envy you your health. 我羡慕你的好身体。

How dare you ask me such a question? 你怎么敢问我这样的问题?

She didn't want to cause you any inconvenience. 她不想给你造成不便。

The hotel charged me £ 15 for a room for the night. 旅馆这一晚收我15镑的房钱。

That suit cost me over £ 60. 那套衣服花了我60多英镑。

They denied the prisoner all freedom. 他们不给那囚犯任何自由。

I want you to promise me one thing. 我要求你答应我一件事。

She can't refuse him anything. 她不能拒绝他任何事情。

7.1.6 成语动词

有时两个词或三个词在一起构成一个成语,作用和一个单一动词差不多,称为成语动词。这种动词主要有下面四类:

1) 不及物动词+副词:

The war broke out in 1939. 战争于1939年爆发。

She didn't want to fall behind in her studies. 她不愿意学习落后。

How did the accident come about? 这事故是怎样发生的?

The wind has died down a bit. 风平息了一点。

常见的这类动词有:

2) 不及物动词+介词:

He could not account for his absence from school. 他无法解释他为什么缺课。

I called on her this morning. 今早我拜访了她。

I ran across her in the library yesterday. 昨天我在图书馆碰到了她。

You'd better wait and watch for a better chance. 你最好等等,留心更好的机会。

常见的这类成语动词有:

有些不及物动词可以跟副词也可以跟介词构成成语动词:

不及物动词+副词 不及物动词+介词

* * *

* * *

We mustn't lag behind. 我们不能落后。 We mustn't lag behind others. 我们不能落在别人后面。

They hope to break through soon in this research.他们希望这项研究不久能取得突破。 The allies sought to break through the German lines. 盟军设法突破了德军的防线。

We must be getting off now. 现在我们得动身了。 Then they got off the bus. 随后他们下车了。

Let's all join in. 咱们都参加进去。 He joined in the march. 他参加了游行。

3) 及物动词+副词:

He is trying to bring about a reconciliation. 他在努力促成和解。

I'll try to hurry him up. 我来设法催促他。

The trolley-bus stopped to put down three passengers. 电车停下来,让三位乘客下车。

They are going to knock down those old houses. 他们要拆掉那些老房子。

这类成语动词很多,常见的有下面这些:

也有部分成语动词是由及物动词+介词构成的,如:

Don't build on his promises. 不要信赖他的诺言。

He talked me into changing my job. 他说服我改换了工作。

They showed her round the house. 他们带她在屋里到处看了看。

She set the children against their father. 她让孩子们反对他们的父亲。

4) 动词+副词+介词:

还有一部分成语动词由三个词构成,即“动词+副词+介词”,介词后跟宾语,如:

I can't put up with these noisy people. 我无法忍受这些嘈杂的人。

You might come up against a bit of opposition. 你可能会遭到一点反对。

Don't look down on this kind of work. 不要看不起这种工作。

I'm looking forward to her arrival. 我盼望着她的到来。

这类成语动词常见的有:

5) 包含名词的动词成语:

有些由动词构成的成语包含有一个名词,多数语言学家都不把它们归入成语动词范围之内,但它们的作用和成语动词是差不多的。这类成语可分为以下三类:

a. 动词+名词:

b. 动词+名词+介词:

c. 动词+介词+名词:

关于成语动词还可参阅第13.3.4节及附录1。

7.1.7 系动词

系动词有下面这些:

1) be:

这个系动词用得最多,后面可以跟各式各样的表语:

She's a good swimmer. 她是位游泳好手。(跟名词)

Be quiet! 安静点!(跟形容词)

He isn't in at the moment. 他此刻不在家。(跟副词)

He has been in Germany for five years. 他在德国住了五年。(跟介词短语)

Who is she? 她是谁?(跟代词)

To know everything is to know nothing. 事事皆通,事事稀松。(跟不定式)

Let X be 10. 设X等于10。(跟数词)

The flowers in the park are pleasing. 公园里的花很怡人。(跟现在分词)

She's disappointed with me. 她对我很失望。(跟过去分词)

That's why I'm against the idea. 因此我反对这个想法。(跟从句)

He's twice David's size. 他的个子比大卫大一倍。(跟词组)

还可用于许多成语中,如be in, be off, be on, be over, be through, be fond of, be sure of, be tired, be careful of, be mindful of, be keen on, be weary of, be productive of等。

2) appear:

后面主要跟:

a. 形容词或过去分词:

He appeared quite well. 他似乎身体很不错。

She appeared perplexed. 她显得有些困惑。

b. 跟名词:

It appears (to be) a true story. 它似乎是一个真实的故事。

He didn't want to appear a fool. 他不想显得像一个傻瓜。

c. 跟从句:

It appeared that he had an unusual taste for music. 似乎他对音乐有着非凡的鉴赏力。

It appeared that Harry was taking her to the opera. 看来哈利准备带她去看歌剧。

3) become:

后面可跟:

a.形容词:

She had become quite familiar with this seaside city. 她对这座海滨城市已非常熟悉。

They became dizzy with this momentary "victory". 他们被一时的胜利冲昏了头脑。

b. 过去分词:

She was becoming annoyed with me. 她有点儿生我的气。

He became acquainted with Balzac. 他和巴尔扎克认识了。

c. 名词:

She talked to me about becoming a teacher. 她和我谈起要当老师的事。

But his dream had not become a reality. 但他的梦想并未成真。

4) fall:

后面可跟:

a. 形容词(只限于少数形容词):

Soon she fell asleep. 不久她就睡着了。

He has fallen ill(sick). 他生病了。

还可用于fall vacant, fall silent等。

b. 名词:

They didn't want to fall a victim to mammonism. 他们不愿成为拜金主义的牺牲品。

I fell a prey to evil dreams. 我常常受噩梦的折磨。

5) feel:

这个词有两重意思,一个主要意思是“感觉(如何)”,后面可跟:

a.形容词(大量形容词可以和feel连用):

I don't feel very well. 我感到不大舒服。

I've been feeling awfully bad about it. 对此我感到很难受。

b.过去分词:

He felt troubled and distressed. 他感到很烦恼痛苦。

I feel puzzled and upset. 我感到困惑烦乱。

c. 介词短语:

I feel at ease with her. 我和她在一起感到轻松自在。

She no longer felt in fighting mood. 她不再感到有旺盛的斗志。

还可表示“摸起来(如何)”:

It feels rough on the surface. 它的表面摸上去很粗糙。

Ice feels cold. 冰摸起来很凉。

6) get:

后面可以跟:

a. 形容词(大量形容词可以和get连用):

The whether is getting quite warm. 天气变得相当暖和。

I hope you won't get over-tired. 希望你不要过度劳累。

b. 过去分词:

I get more and more absorbed in the work here. 我对这里的工作越来越投入了。

Don't get caught in the rain. 别让雨淋着。

c. 现在分词:

We'd better get moving. 我们最好开始动身。

Then they got chatting together. 后来他们在一起聊了起来。

d. 名词:

You're getting quite a lad now. 你快长成大小伙子了。

He's getting a bad influence on my children. 他在对我的孩子产生坏影响。

e. 介词短语:

It's getting near dinner-time. 快到吃饭时间了。

We'll let you know as soon as production gets under way. 生产一上轨道我们就通知你。

7) go:

在多数情况下都跟形容词,但只能跟某些形容词,如:

She went pale at the news. 听了这消息她脸色发白。

He went mad (insane). 他疯了。

另外还可跟white, gray, purple, red, hungry, sour, bad, bald, tired, sick, blind, sentimental, wrong, bankrupt, broke, rotten, independent, dead, lame等。此外,还可跟:

a.过去分词:

His complaints went unnoticed. 他的抱怨没人理会。

All the men there go armed. 那里的男人都带武器。

b. 介词短语:

This went out of fashion years go. 这许多年前就已过时了。

He went off his head. 他昏了头。

c. 名词:

Her rosy face went the colour of cream. 她红红的脸变成乳白色。

Her cheeks went a very pretty pink. 她的双颊变成了漂亮的粉红色。

8) grow:

这个词主要跟形容词,如:

The dispute grew more violent. 争论越来越激烈。

The noise grew louder. 声音越来越大。

此外还可跟cold, hot, calm, old, big, thin, bright, stuffy, angry, rich, restless, uneasy, worse, fat, dark, fierce, serious, loud, intimate, tall等。

还可跟过去分词:

You'll grow used to it. 对此你会习惯的。

I grow excited and red-eared, and a little frightened. 我变得兴奋起来,耳朵也红了,还有点害怕。

偶跟介词短语:

It has grown out of fashion. 它已经不时兴了。

These ideas have grown out of date. 这些观念已经陈旧了。

9) keep:

在用作系动词时它后面可以跟:

a. 形容词:

The whether is keeping fine. 天气一直很晴朗。

I hope you are keeping well. 我希望你身体(保持)健康。

后面还可以跟quiet, silent, calm, fit, cool, warm, fine, close, near等。

b. 副词:

Danger! Keep out! 危险!切勿靠近!

He kept apart from the other students. 他不和别的学生待在一起。

c. 介词短语:

Please try to keep out of the way. 劳驾,请别挡道。

We must keep in close contact with the media. 我们必须与新闻媒体保持密切联系。

10) look:

作系动词时表示“看起来…”,后面可以跟:

a. 形容词:

She looked nervous and apologetic. 她显得紧张并有歉意。

The case looks promising. 这案子看起来很有希望。

b. 过去分词:

He looked startled when she came in. 她进来时,他显得很吃惊。

She looked very concerned and troubled. 她看上去非常忧虑苦恼。

c. 名词:

Now she looked a grown-up young women. 现在她看起来已是一个成年的姑娘了。

He looks sadness itself. 他显得很凄伤的样子。

d. 介词短语:

He looked in splendid health. 他看上去身体很棒。

The whether doesn't look like clearing up. 天看起来不像会放晴。

还可跟副词、数词等:

He looks awfully down. 他显得很消沉的样子。

She looked about fourteen. 她看起来约莫十四岁。

11) prove:

这个词作系动词时表示“事实证明…”,后面可以跟:

a. 形容词:

Treat us well:we shall not prove ungrateful. 好好待我们,我们不会忘恩负义的。

The extra room proved very useful. 这间备用房间证明是很有用的。

b. 名词:

This would prove an excellent weapon. 这会证明是极好的武器。

It might prove the best plan. 这或可证明是最好的计划。

c. 介词短语:

These books may prove of use for you in future. 这些书将来可能证明对你有用。

Her advice proved of great value to our test. 她的意见证明对我们的试验很有价值。

12) remain:

这个词有时用作系动词,表示“继续(处于某种状态)”,后面可以跟:

a. 形容词:

For a whole day the enemy remained inactive. 一整天敌人都没有动静。

Perhaps he could be induced to remain silent. 或许能劝他保持沉默。

b. 过去分词:

She still remained unconvinced. 她仍然不相信。

But they remained unfinished. 但他们仍然没完成。

c. 现在分词:

She remained standing for a good hour. 她站了足有一个钟头。

They remained listening. 他们仍然在听着。

d.名词:

She remained the same Constance. 她还是原来的康士坦丝。

Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是个谜。

e. 介词短语:

You can't let the room remain like this! 你不能让房间老是这样!

They still remained at the mercy of the terrorists. 他们仍然听任恐怖分子的摆布。

13) rest:

这个词只在少数情况下用作系动词:

The affair rests a mystery. 这事仍然是个谜。

Rest assured we will do all we can. 请放心,我们会全力以赴。

14) run:

这个词间或用作系动词,表示“变成(什么样子)”,后面主要跟一些形容词:

The rivers were beginning to run dry. 河流开始干涸。

My blood ran cold with fear. 我吓得毛骨悚然。

还可用在run high, run low, run wild, run rife, run strong, run small, run loose, run short of, run out of等词组中。

15) seem:

这是一个常用的系动词,表示“看来”、“似乎”,后面可跟:

a. 形容词:

She seems happy to me. 在我看来她似乎很愉快。

It seems probable that I'll be sent abroad next year. 看来我明年有可能被派往国外。

b. 分词:

He seems rather agitated. 他好像相当焦虑不安。

She seemed lacking in enthusiasm. 她似乎缺乏热情。

c. 名词:

It seems to me (to be) the best solution. 在我看来这似乎是最好的解决办法。

She seemed an unusually clever girl. 她似乎是一个聪明绝顶的姑娘。

d. 介词短语:

He seemed out of humour. 他好像情绪不佳。

She seemed in high spirits. 她似乎情绪高昂。

16) smell:

作系动词时表示“闻起来…”,多跟形容词:

Roses smell sweet. 玫瑰花有香味。

The dinner smells good. 饭菜味道很香。

间或跟介词短语:

The soup smells of garlic. 这汤有大蒜味。

What does the perfume smell like? 这种香水是什么味?

17) sound:

作系动词时表示“听起来…”,通常后面跟形容词:

How sweet the music sounds! 这音乐听起来多甜美呀!

Don't speak like that. It sounds insincere to me. 别这样讲,在我听来这显得不诚恳。

间或跟名词(a)或介词短语(b):

a. Your idea sounds (like) a good one. 你的想法听起来不错。

He sounded a hard man. 他听起来像是一个厉害的人。

b. It sounded like Beethoven. 这听起来像贝多芬的音乐。

It almost sounds like science fiction. 这听起来几乎像科幻小说。

18) stay:

这个词只在少数情况下用作系动词,意思是“保持(某种状态)”,后面主要跟形容词:

He stayed single for many years. 许多年他都是单身。

I'm going to stay awake to see the eclipse. 我准备熬夜来观看月蚀。

间或跟介词短语(a)或过去分词(b):

a. They are not likely to stay in power after the election. 选举之后他们可能不会继续执政。

Father wanted us to stay out of trouble. 父亲要我们别惹麻烦。

b. Please stay seated. 请不要站起来。

The police prefer to stay unarmed. 警察们宁愿不带枪。

19) taste:

作系动词时意思是“吃(喝)起来…”,后面多跟形容词:

The meat tastes good. 这肉味道很好。

The milk doesn't taste right this morning. 今天早上这奶味道不大对。

This soup tastes awful. 这汤味道糟透了。

20) turn:

作系动词时主要表示“变得(成)…”,后面可以跟:

a. 形容词:

He turned rather pink. 他的脸红了。

It's turned awfully chilly. I think it's going to snow. 天变得冷极了,我想要下雪了。

b. 名词:

He has turned traitor (Mahammedan). 他成了叛徒(回教徒)。

She turned botanist. 她成了植物学家。

7.1.8 助动词和情态动词

1) be, have, do都可用作助动词:

a. be可构成进行时态、被动语态和复合谓语:

She is writing a novel. 她在写小说。(进行时态)

What have you been doing? 你干什么来着?(进行时态)

She was given a warm welcome. 她受到热烈欢迎。(被动语态)

The case is being investigated. 这案子正在调查。(被动语态)

How are you to explain all this? 这一切你怎么解释?(复合谓语)

b. have可构成完成时态和完成进行时态:

She'd (had) been out shopping. 她出去买东西了。(完成时态)

They have set up a network of financial advice centers. 他们建立了一个金融咨询中心网。(完成时态)

She's (has) been doing some research work. 她一直在做研究工作。(完成进行时)

That was the letter we'd (had) been expecting. 这正是我们在期待的信。(完成进行时)

c. do可构成疑问句、否定句,用于强调或代表前面动词以避免重复:

When did she get there? 她什么时候到的?(疑问句)

He doesn't know anything about it. 他对此一无所知。(否定句)

Do stay for a couple more days. 务请再待两三天。(强调)

He speaks English better than I do. 他英文讲得比我好。(代表前面动词)

2) shall,will,should,would:

这几个词都可用作助动词,但有时有一定的意思,接近一个情态动词:

a.will 主要用来构成将来时态,可用于多个人称(will not常可紧缩为won't/wəʊnt/):

When will you be back? 你什么时候回来?

I'll let you know in a day or two. 一两天后我将通知你。

They won't let you down. 他们不会让你失望的。

b. shall主要用在第一人称作主语的问句中,征求对方意见:

Shall I wait for you? 我要不要等你?

Shall we meet again tomorrow? 明天咱们要不要再碰头?

How shall I help you? 我该怎么帮助你?

在英国,也有人把它用于第一人称的肯定句或否定句(在口语中shall not可紧缩为shan't /ʃɑːnt/):

I shall often be coming to Pisa. 我会时常到比萨来。

We shall read about it tomorrow. 明天我们就会读到这消息了。

We shan't be coming back today. 我们今天不回来了。

c. would主要用来构成过去将来时态,可用于多个人称:

I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。

I asked if he would come and join us. 我问他是否愿意来参加我们的活动。

I said that I would arrange everything. 我说我会安排一切的。

也可用来提出请求、看法等:

Would you please look over my essay? 可否劳驾看一遍我的文章?

What would you like? 你愿意要什么?

I'd go there with you. 我愿和你一道去。

还可用在虚拟条件句中:

I would do it if I could. 如果我有能力我会这样做的。

If he were in town, he'd help. 如果他在城里,他会帮忙的。

d. should间或还用来构成过去将来时(但大多数人已改用would),用在第一人称后:

We (I) never thought we (I) should (would) see you again. 我们以为不会再见到你了。

The weather report said that we should have rain. 天气预报说会下雨。

目前更多用来表示“应当”(a)或用在某些从句中(b):

a. You should do it for your own good. 为了你自己好,你应当去做。

Why should I pay him? 我为什么该付他钱?

b. He wrote, suggesting that we should go to Paris. 他来信了,建议我们去巴黎。

It will be better that he should be out of France. 他离开法国会好一些。

It is dreadful that they should be so miserable. 他们竟然这样悲惨,太可怕了。

We hid it so that he should not see it. 我们把它藏了起来以免被他看到。

关于这几个词的详细用法见第11章。

3) can, could, may, might, must:

这五个词都是情态动词,它们和一个动词原形构成谓语,各有一定的意思,在各个人称后形式都一样。

a. can主要表示“能够”、“可以”(它的否定形式can not常紧缩为can't,英国读作/kɑːnt/,美国读作/kænt/):

Who can prove it? 谁能证明这一点?

These difficulties, we can and must overcome. 这些困难我们能够也必须克服。

I'm like that, you can't alter me. 我就是这样,你没法改变我。

We can call for you at nine. 我们可以九点钟来叫你。

He can't be more than thirty. 他不会超过三十岁。

b. could可以作can的过去式,表示它的多种意思:

He could not follow their argument. 他听不明白他们的争论。

He said he couldn't come. 他说他不能来。

Mother said we couldn't go out at night. 妈妈说晚上我们不能出去。

I thought he could be in bed now. 我想这会儿他可能在睡觉。

也可比较婉转地提出请求或看法等:

Could you lend me your car? 你能把车借给我吗?

Yes, his story could be true. 对,这个说法可能是真的。

I could come earlier, if necessary. 如果必要我可以来早点。

c. may主要表示“可能”、“或许”:

She may come tonight. 她今晚可能来。

He may not like the idea. 他可能不赞成这个主意。

They may be in the library now. 他们现在或许在图书馆。

也可用在问句中表示“可否”,用在陈述句中表示“可以”:

May I come round in the morning?——Yes, please do. 我可否早上来?——可以,请来吧。

May he go there with you?——Yes, he may. 他可以和你一道去那儿吗? ——可以。

You may come again tomorrow. 你可以明天再来。

d. might可以作may的过去式:

He thought she might be in her office. 他想她或许在办公室里。

I was afraid you might not be in. 我担心你可能不在家。

He died so that others might live. 他牺牲了,以求别人能活下去。

有时可表示现在情况(和may一样),只是口气婉转一些:

Might I have a little more? 我能再多要一点吗?

You might just give me half a cup. 你可以给我半杯。

You might have some fever. 你可能有点发烧。

e. must主要表示“必须”、“一定要”,可用于任何时间:

We must leave early. 我们必须及早动身。

You must finish everything in time. 你一定要及时干完一切。

I must be off now. 我得走了。

否定式must not常紧缩为mustn't,读作/ˈmʌsnt/,表示“一定不要”:

You mustn't forget to phone her. 你一定不要忘了给她打电话。

You mustn't be late again. 别再迟到了。

在回答包含must的问句时,若是肯定回答可用must,若为否定回答,要用needn't:

Must we finish everything tonight? 一切都要今晚完成吗?

Yes, you must. 是的,必须今晚完成。

No, you needn't. 不,不必今晚完成。

此外还有半情态动词(如dare,need)和相当于情态动词的结构(如have to,ought to等),这些将在第11章里详细讨论。


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