第9章　被动语态 9.5　在什么情况下用被动结构

9.5　在什么情况下用被动结构

9.5.1　使用被动结构的主要情况

掌握被动结构的形式很重要，但使用却要慎重。一般说来，没有特殊理由不宜用被动结构。在多数情况下用主动结构是比较自然的。翻开一页书，你会发现百分之八九十的句子都用主动结构，只在一定情况下需用被动结构，例如：

1) 不知道动作的执行者是谁，这时只好用被动结构：

The monastery was built in the Middle Ages. 这座寺院建于中世纪。

Three people were injured. 三个人受了伤。

The building was burned down. 这座建筑完全焚毁了。

The boy was nearly drowned. 那孩子差点淹死。

When will the result be announced? 结果什么时候宣布？

The British general election was held in October. 英国十月份举行大选。

We are called on to take an active part in the movement. 号召我们积极参加这项运动。

He was jailed for six years. 他被监禁了六年。

2) 不必提到动作的执行者，因此也可用被动结构：

The book was published in 2000. 这书是2000年出版的。

A peace treaty was finally signed. 最终签定了一项和约。

The match had to be cancelled because of bad weather. 天气不好，比赛不得不取消。

The plant was shut down for two months. 工厂关闭了两个月。

Rent has to be paid in advance. 房租得预交。

Your hand will be X-rayed. 你的手要作X光透视检查。

Persistent foul play will be severely penalized. 不断犯规要受到重罚。

This problem will be dealt with in the next chapter. 这个问题将在下一章中讨论。

3) 动作的承受者（或结果）是谈话的中心：

Madame Bovery was written by Flaubert.《包法利夫人》是福楼拜写的。

Are these goods made by machinery? 这些货物是机器生产的吗？

When she was ill her children were looked after by neighbours. 她生病时孩子们由邻居照管。

These motions can be vetoed by the Governor. 这些动议州长可以否决。

Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. 菲利浦因他经历的事而沮丧。

这类句子常有一个by引导的短语说明动作的执行者，有时也可没有：

When he arrived home he was arrested (by a detective). 他到家时被捕了。

A new public library is being built (by our local council). 一座新的公共图书馆正在修建。

The house next door has been bought (by someone). 隔壁房子有人买了。

4) 动作的执行者很模糊（如指people， one等），故用被动结构也很自然：

It's suggested that we put the meeting off. 有人建议会议延期举行。

This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere. 这种广告（人们）到处都可以看到。

He is suspected of taking bribery. 有人怀疑他受贿。

They are supposed to be living in New York. 人们认为他们住在纽约。

The letter has been opened! 这信有人拆开了！

He was believed to have made an important discovery. 据信他有了重大发现。

It was rumoured that he was a spy. 谣传他是个间谍。

It's alleged that the hostage is already dead. 有人说人质已经死了。

5) 为了措辞上的圆通，常避免说出动作的执行者：

You are requested to give us a talk on Japanese culture. 敬请您给我们作一个有关日本文化的讲座。

You are cordially invited to a dance to be given at the Teachers' Club at 7 p.m. on May Day. 谨订于五一节晚七时于教师俱乐部举行舞会敬请光临。

It is generally considered rude to stare at people. 盯着看人通常认为是粗鲁无礼的。

It's hoped that such things would not happen again. 希望这样的事不再发生。

It's much to be regretted that you can't join us in the trip. 你不能参与同行会是很遗憾的。

6) 为了使句子得到更好的安排：

He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他在台上出现，受到观众的热列鼓掌。（这样用一个主语即可）

The plan was supported by those who wish to live on the campus. 这计划受到想在校园住的人的支持。（若为主动结构句子就较难安排）

They were killed by a grenade, which exploded under the car. 他们被一颗在汽车下爆炸的手榴弹炸死。

The principle of bottling is very simple. Food is put in jars, the jars and their contents are heated to a temperature which is maintained long enough to ensure that all bacteria, moulds and viruses are destroyed. 装瓶的操作很简单。把食物装在瓶内，把瓶子连同新盛的东西一起加热到某个温度，将这温度维持足够时间，以保证所有细菌、霉菌及病毒都被杀死。（这样安排意思清楚，行文流畅，把上面任何被动结构改为主动结构都可能造成困难）

9.5.2　一些常常使用被动结构的情况

1) 公告，通知：

Lying on the floor is strictly prohibited. 严禁躺在（车厢）地板上。

None of the reference books are to be taken out of the reading-room. 参考书不得携出阅览室。

Only fifty kilos are allowed for personal baggage. 个人携带物品只限五十公斤。

Applications must be sent in by 31st July. 必须于7月31日前提出申请。

2) 新闻报导：

The search for the bank robbers continues. Meanwhile many people have been questioned and the owner of the stolen getaway car has been traced.搜索银行劫匪的行动在继续着。与此同时，许多人受到盘问，并一直在查找劫匪逃逸所偷汽车的车主。

3) 报纸标题（动词be常被省略）：

Congressman Assassinated! 国会议员遭到暗杀！

Two Drug Traffickers Hanged in Singapore! 两名毒贩在新加坡被绞死！

Five-year-old Boy Kidnapped! 五岁男童遭到绑架！

4) 科技文章：

The mixture is placed in a crucible and is heated to a temperature of 300℃. It is then allowed to cool before it can be analysed. 将混合液置于坩锅中，加热至摄氏300度，然后令其冷却，随后便可进行分析。