第10章　虚拟语气 10.3　虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用

10.3　虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用

10.3.1　虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用

在某些动词后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气：

1) wish后的宾语从句：

在wish后的宾语从句中谓语主要有两种形式（表示与事实相反的情况）：

a. 用过去式表示现在情况，动词be用were时较多（也有人用was）：

I wish I knew what was going to happen. 但愿我知道将要发生什么事。

I wish I could help you. 但愿我能帮助你。（但我不能）

I wish I had more time. 但愿我有更多的时间。

I wish I were (was) young again. 真希望我能再年轻一次。

b. 用相当于过去完成时的形式，表示过去的情况（常有遗憾的味道）：

I wish (that) I had listened to your advice. 我要是听你的劝告就好了。

My father wishes (that) he had gone to university. 我父亲很希望自己上过大学。

I wish you hadn't told me all this. 但愿你没告诉我这一切。

She wished she hadn't come. 她但愿自己没来。

间或用would构成谓语：

I wish he wouldn't go out every night. 但愿他不要每晚都出去。

I wish you wouldn't be so noisy. 但愿你别这么吵。

2) would rather（sooner）后的宾语从句：

谓语多用相当于过去式的形式，表示现在或将来的情况：

I'd rather you know that now, than afterwards. 我宁愿你现在知道而不是将来知道。

Do you mind if I smoke here? "I'd rather you didn't."“我在此抽烟你介意吗？”“我倒是希望你别抽。”

I would rather you told me the truth. 我宁愿你给我讲真话。

I'd sooner you didn't ask me that question. 我宁愿你别问我那个问题。

谓语用相当于过去式的形式，表示现在或将来的情况：

I'd rather you hadn't told me about it. 我倒宁愿你没告诉我这件事。

在had rather和prefer后的宾语从句中有时也可用虚拟语气：

I had rather you did it. 我宁愿你做这事。

She preferred that he should do the washing-up in the kitchen. 她宁愿他在厨房里洗碗碟。

在suppose后的宾语从句中也可能包含虚拟语气：

Suppose her father turned her out of doors! 设想她父亲把她撵出家门！

Suppose they did not believe him what would they do to him? 假如他们不相信他的话，他们会把他怎么样？

3) suggest， demand， insist， ask这类动词后的宾语从句：

在这类从句中美国人多用动词原形（也就是现在虚拟语气）：

He suggested that a petition (should) be drawn up. 他建议起草一份请愿书。

She demanded that I pay her immediately. 她要求我立即付款给她。

He insisted that Jennie send her to dancing school. 他坚持要珍妮送她进舞蹈学校。

He asks that he be given an opportunity to explain his case. 他要求给他机会解释他的情况。

I advise that he go at once. 我建议他马上就去。

I propose that Mr. Parr be the chairman. 我提议帕尔先生担任主席。

She urged that he write and accept the post. 她催促他写信去接受这个职位。

Congress has voted that the present law be maintained. 国会投票决定维持现行法律。

He requested that the Premier grant him an interview. 他请求总理接见他。

He commanded that we (should) attack at once. 他命令我们立即进攻。

The Queen desires that you (should) come at once. 女王希望你马上来。

I move that we accept the proposal. 我提议通过这项提案。

He ordered that the man be released. 他命令释放那人。

I recommend that everyone (should) buy this dictionary. 我建议这字典每个人买一本。

He requires that they (should) work all night. 他要求他们通宵工作。

The Senate has decreed that such students not be exempted from college dues. 参议院规定这样的学生不能免交学费。

They intended that the news (should) be suppressed. 他们打算封锁这条消息。

She petitioned the king that her son (should) be pardoned. 她恳求国王宽恕她的儿子。

英国人过去多用“should+动词原形”作这类从句中的谓语，但现在用原形的人也越来越多了，另外这类句子也可变为被动语态，宾语从句则成了主语从句：

It is suggested that we make a special study of the problem. 有人建议我们对这问题作专门研究。

It was intended that you be the candidate. 打算让你作候选人。

It was proposed that this matter be discussed at the next meeting. 有人提议这问题下次会上再议。

It is requested that a vote be taken. 有人提请投票表决。

10.3.2　虚拟语气在主语、表语等从句中的运用

虚拟语气还可在主语、表语及同位语从句中使用，形式和上节第三段谈的句子基本上一样：

1) 虚拟语气在主语从句中的使用：

It is important that he work hard. 他努力工作是很重要的。

It is essential that this mission not fail. 这项任务不失败至关重要。

It is appropriate that this tax be abolished. 废除这项税收是合适的。

It's imperative that you (should) not be seen here. 你不要在这里露面，这很要紧。

It's vital to her health that she take this medicine. 她吃这药对她的身体非常重要。

另外，在有些这类结构的句子中，主语从句的谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，这时多带有一些情感色彩，可译为“竟然”等（表示一种不可思议的状况）：

It seems so unfair that this should happen to me. 我身上竟发生这样的事，这似乎很不公平。

I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so miserable. 有人竟然这样悲惨，我感到太可怕了。

It's strange that she should be so late. 真奇怪，她竟然来得这样晚。

It is surprising that they should pass the time like that. 他们竟然这样来打发时间真令人惊讶。

It's natural that you should forget it. 你忘掉这事是很自然的。

That they should do such a wicked thing is unthinkable. 他们竟然做这样不道德的事真是不可思议。

2) 用在表语从句中的虚拟语气：

Our decision is that the school remain closed. 我们的决定是学校暂不开学。

Sophia's idea was that they should lock up the house. 索菲娅的想法是他们把屋子锁上。

My suggestion is that we take the 6:00 train. 我的建议是搭六点的火车。

Their requirement is that every member attend at least one meeting per year.他们的要求是每个会员每年至少参加一次会议。

3) 用在同位语从句中的虚拟语气：

He made the suggestion that they carry on their conversation in Japanese.他建议他们用日语接着交谈。

There have been demands that the prime minister should resign. 有人要求首相辞职。

They expressed the wish that they be given more free time. 他们表示希望给他们更多的空闲时间。

The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. 允许妇女加入该协会的决议通过了。

10.3.3　虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用

在某些状语从句中，谓语有时用虚拟语气，特别是在下面几类状语中：

1) as if， as though引导的状语从句：

这类状语从句中的谓语形式和一般虚拟语气差不多，表示现在情况时用过去虚拟语气（a），表示过去情况时用完成形式（b）：

a. I have loved you as if you were my son. 我爱你就像你是我的亲儿子。

I remember it vividly as though it were tonight. 这事我记得很清楚就像发生在今晚似的。

He behaves as if he owned the place. 他表现得像是这地方的主人。

He talks as though he knew where she was. 他谈起来仿佛他知道她在哪儿似的。

b. He talks (talked) about Rome as though he had been there himself. 他谈起罗马就仿佛他到过那里似的。

Fancy you sitting there as if nothing had happened. 瞧你坐在那里好像什么事也没发生似的。

He looks (looked) as though he had known Millie for years. 他看上去就像他认识米丽好多年了。

在look， seem， taste， smell后，as if引导的从句中可以用陈述语气：

It looks as if they are in a terrible hurry. 看起来他们好像忙得要命。

It seems as if we shall have to walk. 看上去我们得步行了。

The meat tastes as if it has gone bad. 这肉吃起来好像已经坏了。

The milk smells as if it is sour. 这奶闻起来好像酸掉了。

as if （though）还可引导表语从句：

It isn't as if you were going away for good. 又不是你一去不复返了。

It is not as though we were poor. 我们又不是穷人家。

You look as if you didn't care. 你看上去好像不在乎的样子。

2) 有些让步从句中也可能用虚拟语气，特别是某些句型，其中有些用现在虚拟语气（a），有些用may， might， would构成谓语（b）：

a. Though he be the President himself, he shall hear us. 即使他是总统本人，他也得听我们讲话。

Whether she be right or wrong, we will support her. 不管她是对还是错，我们都会支持她.

Whatever be the reasons for his action, we cannot tolerate such disloyalty.不管他这样做的原因何在，我们都不能容忍这种不忠诚的行为。

b. Be that as it may, we have nothing to lose. 即使如此，我们也不损失什么。

Come what may, we will go ahead with our plan. 不管发生什么情况，我们也要推行这个计划。

Poor though you might be, you cannot live all your life on charity. 尽管你穷，你也不能一辈子靠救济过日子。

Try as I would, I cannot prevail upon him to follow my advice. 不管想什么办法，我都不能劝说他按我的意见行事。

这些句子（特别是第一类）的从句谓语也可用陈述语气：

Though he is the President himself...

Whether she is right or wrong...

上面的b类句子可以看作是一种句型。

3) 有些目的从句也可用虚拟语气作谓语（主要是用动词原形）：

They removed the prisoner in order that he not disturb the proceedings any further. 他们把犯人带走以免他继续干扰诉讼进程。

The President must reject the proposal, lest it cause strife and violence. 总统必须拒绝这个提议，以免引起冲突和暴力。

Earth mounds were being hastily erected lest an attack (should) be launched that night. 正在匆忙地垒起土堆，以防那晚（敌人）会发起袭击。

但这种用法已日渐减少，现在多用would， should， could， might等构成谓语（属于陈述语气范畴）：

He left early in order that the children would not be alone in the house. 他早早动身以免孩子们单独待在家里。

I lent him £50 so that he might go for a holiday. 我借给他五十英镑以便他能去度假。

I hired a boat so that I could go fishing. 我租了一条船以便能出去钓鱼。

He hurried on, lest she should meet him again. 他匆忙往前走，以免她再碰到他。

4) 在“be+形容词”这种结构后的从句，有时用should+动词原形构成谓语：

I'm surprised that you should press the suggestion. 我很奇怪你怎么会坚持你的建议。

He was amazed that some countries should express indignation at it. 他很惊讶有些国家竟对此感到愤怒。

They're especially anxious that you should come. 他们特别期盼你能来。

They were insistent that we be ready. 他们坚持要我们做好准备。

但这类结构后的从句用陈述语气的时候可能更多一些。