第15章 副 词 15.1 副词的类型
15.1 副词的类型
15.1.1 副词的类型
副词大体上可分为下面几类：
● 时间副词（Adverbs of Time）
● 地点副词（Adverbs of Place）
● 方式副词（Adverbs of Manner）
● 程度副词（Adverbs of Degree）
● 强调副词（Emphasing Adverbs）
● 疑问副词（Interrogative Adverbs）
● 连接副词（Conjunctive Adverbs）
● 关系副词（Relative Adverbs）
● 句子副词（Sentence Adverbs）
15.1.2 时间副词
时间副词有三类：
1) 表示发生时间的副词：
It's beginning to rain now! 现在开始下雨了！
I haven't seen her recently. 最近我没见到她。
Will you be free tonight? 你今晚有空吗？
See you later. 回头见。
常见的这类副词有：
2) 表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词（Adverbs of Frequency）：
She is constantly changing her mind. 她老是改变主意。
We do m et now and then, but not regularly. 我们确实偶尔也见面，但不经常见面。
Lester rarely (seldom) left his room. 莱斯特很少离开他的房间。
He goes to see her continually. 他频繁地去看她。
这类副词常见的有：
3) 还有一些其他表示时间的副词：
I'll be back presently (shortly). 我一会儿就回来。
What decision did you finally arrive at? 你们最后作出了什么决定？
Nancy was up early. 南希很早就起来了。
He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
常见的这类副词有：
15.1.3 地点副词
1) 有不少表示地点的副词：
She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。
If he is not here, he's about somewhere. 如果他不在这儿，那就在附近什么地方。
They moved downtown. 他们搬到城里去了。
Then I went upstairs to bed. 然后我就上楼睡觉了。
常见的这类副词有：
2) 还有一些部分与介词同形的副词，有人称它们为副词小品词（Adverb Particles）。这些副词与介词同形，跟宾语的为介词，否则是副词：
* * *
* * *
这类副词主要有：
3) 还有一些地点副词表示地区范围等：
We have no shops locally. 我们在本地区没有商店。
Fortunately the news was not yet spread widely. 所幸这消息还没有四处传开。
Eight million people globally are infected with the virus. 全世界有八百万人染上了这种病毒。
The theory has been universally accepted. 这个理论已被普遍接受。
常见的这类副词有：
此外，以where构成的副词也是地点副词：
Let's go anywhere where it's quiet. 咱们去一个安静的地方吧。
Where did you go? ——Nowhere. 你去哪儿了？ ——哪儿也没去。
If she doesn't like it here, she can go elsewhere. 如果她不喜欢这里，她可以去别的地方。
It's the same everywhere. 到处都一样。
I seemed to have met you somewhere. 我似乎在哪儿见过你。
15.1.4 方式副词
英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）：
She gently refused to accept the gifts. 她委婉地拒绝接受那些礼物。
These countries were ruthlessly invaded. 这些国家受到残暴的侵略。
They hoped to see the problem settled peacefully. 他们希望看到这问题和平解决。
How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳得真优美。
下面是一些常见的这类副词：
2) 还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪：
This I gladly accepted. 这东西我高兴地接受了。
He shook hands eagerly with Sherlock Holmes. 他热切地与福尔摩斯握手。
She smiled gratefully. 她感激地笑了笑。
He looked at her sadly. 他凄然地看了看她。
下面是一些常见的这类副词；
3) 还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的情况：
The process was controlled automatically. 生产工序是自动控制的。
They trafficked in smuggled goods openly. 他们公开地贩卖走私货。
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。
I only met her accidentally. 我只是偶然碰见她的。
常见的这类副词有：
4) 大部分方式副词都由形容词加-ly构成，但有少数不带-ly词尾：
I had to work all alone. 我得独自一人工作。
Do you buy wholesale or retail? 你是批发还是零售？
She was to fly solo the next day. 第二天她将作单人飞行。
He spoke impromptu. 他即席讲了话。
15.1.5 程度副词和强调副词
1) 程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程？”：
I'm extremely disappointed in him. 我对他极其失望。
He loved his mother dearly. 他深爱他的母亲。
I strongly object to your saying that. 我强烈反对你这样说话。
Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重吗？
常见的这类副词有：
这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词（a）或另一副词（b）：
a．fairly simple 相当简单
rather difficult 相当难
awfully sorry 非常抱歉
perfectly clear 十分清楚
highly confidential 高度机密的
quite correct 完全正确
utterly unreasonable 极不合理
truly grateful 确实很感激
b．fairly smoothly 相当顺利地
wonderfully well 好极了
know full(y) well 完全清楚
work quite hard 工作相当努力
run pretty fast 跑得相当快
speak exceedingly well 讲得极好
act quite right 做得完全对
do it very quickly 干得很快
2) 强调副词和程度副词很相近，有些就是程度副词。它们主要对所修饰的动词（a）、形容词（b）加以强调：
a．I quite agree. 我完全同意。
He knew absolutely nothing. 他是毫无所知的。
Your attitude simply amazes me. 你的态度简直使我吃惊。
b．You're entirely wrong. 你完全错了。
She's perfectly correct. 她完全正确。
The food is just wonderful. 这饭菜简直好极了。
这类副词主要有：
3) much是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：
a． 修饰动词（特别是用在否定句中）：
She didn't talk much. 她不怎么说话。
I don't much like the idea. 我不太喜欢这个想法。
Thank you very much. 非常感谢你。
Do you go to the cinema much? 你常去看电影吗？
b． 修饰形容词等：
I'm much obliged to you for telling me. 非常感谢你告诉了我。
I'm not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
I'm very much afraid that she won't come. 我很担心她不来。
Much to my surprise she forgot our meeting. 令我很吃惊的是她把我们的约会忘了。
c． 和形容词或副词的比较级或最高级连用：
You sing much better than me. 你比我唱得好多了。
Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。
That was much the best meal I've had for a long time. 这是好久以来我吃过的最最好的一顿饭了。
d． 和how, so, too等词连用：
How much do you like him? 你喜欢他到什么程度？
He would so much like to go. 他会很想去的。
She is much too busy to see visitors. 她实在太忙，不能会客。
15.1.6 疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词
1) 疑问副词：
疑问副词用来引导特殊问句：
how：
How is your grandmother's rheumatism? 你奶奶的风湿病怎样了？
How long ago was it? 这是多久以前的事？
How do we get to the town center from here? 我们从这里怎么到市中心？
where：
Where did you study medicine? 你在哪儿学医的？
Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人？
Where does this affect us? 这对我们有什么影响？
when：
When can you come? 你什么时候能来？
When did you hear about it? 你什么时候听说这事的？
When is the contract effective from? 合同什么时候开始生效？
why：
Why was she so late? 她为什么来得这样晚？
Why didn't you come by plane? 你为什么没坐飞机来？
Why not go by taxi? 为什么不坐出租车去？
2) 连接副词：
连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样，但都引导从句或与不定式连用：
how：
That's how I look at it. 这是我的看法。（引导表语从句）
Tell me how you're getting on. 告诉我你进展如何。（引导宾语从句）
How all this happened was a mystery. 这一切怎么发生的是个谜。（引导主语从句）
Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗？（引导不定式短语）
where：
I don't know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。（引导宾语从句）
It's none of your business where I stay. 我住哪儿不干你的事。（引导主语从句）
I can't decide where to go for my holidays. 我不能决定去哪里度假。（引导不定式短语）
when：
Tell me when you'll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。（引导宾语从句）
When she'll be back depends on the weather. 她什么时候回来得看天气。（引导主语从句）
Tell me when to use this construction. 告诉我什么时候用这种结构。（引导不定式短语）
why：
That's why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。（引导表语从句）
Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是个谜。（引导主语从句）
I'll tell you why you have to study grammar. 我将告诉你为什么要学语法。（引导宾语从句）
3) 关系副词：
关系副词用来引导关系从句：
where：
We then moved to Paris, where we lived for 6 years. 此后我们搬到巴黎，在那里住了六年。
This's the hotel where we stayed last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
There's one point where I'dlike your advice. 有一点我想征求你的意见。
when：
There came a day when the rain fell in torrents. 有一天下起了倾盆大雨。
At the time when I saw him, he was well. 我见到他那时，他身体还不错。
I'll never forget his surprise when we told him. 我永远不会忘记我们告诉他时他的惊讶表情。
why：
The reason why he came is not very convincing. 他来的理由不太有说服力。
That is the reason why I came so early. 这就是我来得这样早的原因。
Can you tell me the reason why you are so unhappy? 你能告诉我你这样不高兴的原因吗？
关于这类关系从句请参阅第22.3.1—22.3.3节。
15.1.7 句子副词
1) 有些副词并不修饰动词，而是修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法：
Frankly I'm afraid your mother will be a little disappointed. 坦率地说，我担心你妈会有点失望。
Evidently he was sensitive on this topic. 显然他对这个话题很敏感。
Luckily, she was in when I called. 幸好我去时她在家。
I can't come, unfortunately. 真不巧，我来不了。
Hopefully we'll win. 但愿我们能赢。
Honestly, I don't know. 真的，我不知道。
Interestingly, consumer spending has increased. 说也有趣，消费额增加了。
Surprisingly, she has married again. 令人惊讶的是，她又结婚了。
Seriously now, you ought to take more care of your health. 说真的，你应当多注意身体。
常见的这类副词有：
2) 有少数副词可以和enough连用，起同样的作用：
I thought it would rain, and sure enough it did. 我想天会下雨，结果果然如此。
Oddly enough I had no doubt that he would be glad to see me. 说也奇怪，我毫不怀疑他会高兴见我。
Curiously enough he had never seen the little girl. 说也奇怪，他从未见过这个小姑娘。
He's lived in France for years, but strangely enough he can't speak a word of French. 他在法国住了好多年，但说也奇怪他一句法语都不会讲。
Interestingly enough, this proportion has not increased. 说也有趣，这个比例并未增加。
Funnily enough, I met her only yesterday. 说来真怪，我昨天还碰到她的。
Surprisingly enough, even petty larceny has seldom occurred. 说来也怪，连小偷小摸都很少发生。
15.1.8 一些其他类型的副词
除了以上这些类型的副词外，还有一些其他类型的副词，例如：
1) 表示方向的副词：
Let's go inside. 咱们到里面去。
Take two steps forward. 向前两步走。
He looked backwards. 他回头看了看。
Walk three blocks and then turn left. 走三个路段后往左拐。
Leaving the city, we headed north. 出城后我们向北走。
He walked a little further on. 他又往前走了一点。
2) 使与上文连接更紧的副词：
The rain was heavy—consequently the land was flooded. 雨下得很大，因此土地被淹了。
They therefore removed him from his position. 他们因此把他免职了。
She asked me to go, so I went. 她要我去，所以我就去了。
He was different, however, from the others. 不过他和别人不同。
Nevertheless, she decided to act. 尽管如此，她决定采取行动。
Jack ran for a doctor;meanwhile we stayed with the patient. 杰克忙跑去请医生，在此期间我们守护着病人。
Besides, I want you to promise me one thing. 此外我还要你答应我一件事。
3) 表示“方？”的副词：
They suffered economically as a result of that policy. 由于那项政策，他们在经济上受了损失。
Financially we are doing quite well. 在经济方面我们情况良好。
It's politically short-sighted not to recognize this. 不认识这一点在政治上是短视的。
I feel morally obliged to help them. 我在道义上有责任帮助他们。
Theoretically you are right, but things may not work like that in fact. 在理论上你是对的，但事实上情况可能不会这样。
She was far beneath him socially. 她的社会地位远比他低。
