第17章 连 词 17.3 并列连词
17.3 并列连词
17.3.1 并列连词and和or
1) and和or是用得最多的并列连词，可以连接：
a． 两个并列的动词：
We were singing and dancing all evening. 整个晚上我们都在唱歌跳舞。
He started to shout and swear. 他开始又喊又骂。
You can walk up or take the cable car. 你可以走上去，也可坐缆车上去。
He never smokes or drinks. 他从不抽烟喝酒。
b． 名词、形容词等：
Father and son went to New York by a morning train. 父子两人坐早上的火车去了纽约。
She was sweet and amiable. 她甜美和蔼。
Read it slowly and clearly. 念慢一点，清楚一点。
Would you like fish or beef? 你要鱼还是牛肉？
It's now or never, shall we chance it? 机不可失，时不再来。咱们要不要碰碰运气？
c． 两个并列的分句 （句子）：
I said it and I meant it. 我说话算话。
He had plenty of money and he spent it freely. 他很有钱，花起来很随便。
Do you want a bath at once, or shall I have mine first? 你想马上洗澡，还是我先洗？
Do you want to leave now or would you rather set off later? 你想现在就走，还是愿意晚点出发？
2) and可连接两个分句，表示“只要…？”：
Utter one word, and you are a dead man! 说一句话就要你的命！
Go straight on and you'll see a church. 一直往前走你会看到一座教堂。
Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他会得寸进尺。
3) or可连接分句，表示“否？”：
He had to have a job or (he would) go hungry. 他得有一份工作，否则就要挨饿。
Have a care what you say or you may regret it. 说话要当心，否则你会后悔。
Don't drive so fast or you'll have an accident. 别开这么快，不然你会出车祸。
17.3.2 表示意思转折的连词
表示意思转折的连词主要有but，yet：
1) but主要连接两个并列的分句：
All this he did, but it had no effect at all. 这一切他都做了，但一点都不起作用。
James hasn't got a car, but his sister has. 詹姆斯没有小汽车，但他姐姐有。
She's been learning Italian for six years, but she doesn't speak it very well.她学意大利语有六年了，但还是讲得不太好。
I'dlove to come but I can't make it till 8 o'clock. 我愿意来，不过要到八点才行。
有时也可连接两个并列的成分：
The weather will be sunny but cold. 天气会晴朗但很冷。
The fox may grow grey, but never good.（谚）狐狸会变老，却不会变好。
He no longer felt despondent, but happy and hopeful. 他不再沮丧，而是开心并充满希望。
He is not a novelist, but a dramatist. 他不是小说家，而是剧作家。
They see the trees, but not the forest. 他们只见树木不见森林。
间或还可引导状语：
He tried to save it, but in vain. 他努力想救活它，但没有用。
He glanced about, but seeing only the empty room. 他向四周张望，但只看见那个空房间。
2) yet主要连接两个分句：
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. （谚）创痛虽愈，伤痕犹在。
Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now. 简说她病了，但刚才在街上我曾看到她。
They are ugly and expensive, yet people buy them. 它们又丑又贵，但人们还是要买。
有时连接两个形容词：
It is strange, yet true. 这很奇怪，却是真的。
The judge was stern, yet completely fair. 这法官很严厉，但绝对公正。
有时还可与and和but一起用：
I offered him still more, and yet he wasn't satisfied. 我又给了他一些，但他仍然不满意。
She's a funny girl, but yet you can't help liking her. 她是个奇怪的姑娘，但你禁不住会喜欢她。
3) however，nevertheless，still等为副词，但可起连接作用，表示意思的转折：
however：
His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind. 他的第一反应是不行，但后来他改变了主意。
Sales are poor this month. There may, however, be an increase before Christmas. 这个月销量很差，但圣诞节前可能会增加。
I'll offer it to Tom. However, he may not want it. 我将把它送给汤姆，不过他可能不会要。
nevertheless：
They hadn't trained hard, nevertheless (but) they won. 他们并没有努力训练，但还是打赢了
He's charming;nevertheless, I don't trust him. 他很迷人，但我不太信任他。
He was angry, nevertheless (however) he listened to me. 他很生气，不过他还是听了我的话。
still：
You did wrong. Still, I'm ready to forgive you. 你做错了事，不过我愿意原谅你。
It's raining;still I'dlike to go. 天在下雨，但我还是想去。
He is naughty, (but) still you cannot help liking him. 他很调皮，但你还是禁不住会喜欢他。
all the same：
Nobody wishes you harm, (but) they down you all the same. 没有人有心伤害你，但他们还是看不起你。
She is naughty, all (just) the same we have to laugh at her jokes. 她很调皮，但对她的恶作剧我们还是要发笑。
I am sure she'll say yes, but I should ask her permission first all the same.我肯定她会答应的，但我还是应该先征求她的同意。
17.3.3 表示因果关系的连词
1) for可表示“因？”，但引导的不是从句，而是分句，对前面情况加以解释，常用逗号把它和前面的分句分开，这在书面语中比较多见（口语中多用because，as，since等 ）：
The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短，因为现在已经是十二月。
He took the food eagerly, for he had eaten nothing since dawn. 他吃得很香，因为自天亮起他就没吃东西。
The children soon lost their way, for they had never been in the forest before.孩子们很快迷了路，因为他们从未进过这座森林。
它还可以表示为什么有前面的看法（此时不能用because，as，since）：
It must have rained in the night for when I woke the next morning I saw the grass wet. 夜里准是下了雨，因为我早上我醒来看见草地是湿的。
She must have gone out early, for she had not shown up at breakfast. 她肯定一早出去了，因为她没来吃早饭。
2) so表示结果，可译为“因？”、“所？”：
Nobody seemed about, so I went in. 附近似乎没人，因此我走了进去。
The play began at eight, so they must dine at seven. 戏八点开始，所以他们得七点吃饭。
She felt very tired so she went to bed early. 她感到很疲倦，于是早早就睡觉了。
Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi. 我们的箱子很重，因此我们坐了出租车。
3) therefore为副词，也表示同样的意思，但比较文气一点，可以放在分句前：
There is fog at Heathrow;therefore the plane has been diverted. 希思罗机场有雾，因此飞机改到别的机场降落。
It rained;therefore the game was called off. 天下雨了，比赛因此取消。
也可插在句子中间：
He's out of the country and therefore unable to attend the meeting. 他在国外，因此不能参加会议。
He had finished the Times, there was therefore nothing to do. 他已看完泰晤士报，因此没事可干了。
He had gone;she therefore gave the money to me. 他走了，于是她把钱给了我。
4) hence也是副词，也表示类似意思，多用在说理性文章中，且多用在分句或句子开头：
My mother is by herself;hence I must go home now. 我妈一个人在家，因此我得回去了。
Microwaves have got cheaper and hence more people can afford it. 微波炉便宜些了，因此更多的人买得起了。
Hence he was annoyed by many unwelcome attentions. 因此许多不受欢迎的殷勤举动惹得他不高兴。
有时后面只跟一个动词：
The town was built on the side of a hill, hence the name Hillside. 这座城市建在山腰，因此称作山腰城。
I fell off my bike yesterday—hence the bruises. 我昨天从自行车上摔下来了，因此身上摔青了。
17.3.4 其他并列连词
1) 其他并列连词有下面这些，多连接两个并列的成分：
either...or：
Either Tim or his brother has to shovel the snow. 要么是蒂姆要么是他弟弟得去铲雪。
She's either French or Spanish. 她不是法国人就是西班牙人。
I left it either on the table or in the drawer. 我把它不是放在桌上就是放在抽屉里了。
You can either write or phone to order a copy. 你可寄信或打电话去定购一本。
It was either pink, red or orange. 它或是粉红色、红色，或是橘红色。
Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you. 要么你得改进工作，要么我就辞退你。
neither...nor：
He can neither read nor write. 他既不能读又不能写。
They have neither natural gas nor running water. 他们既没有天然气又没有自来水。
He was neither clever nor stupid. 他既不聪明也不笨。
Paul came just at the right time, neither too early nor too late. 保罗来得正是时候，既不太早也不太晚。
Neither your mother nor I have any other thought but what is best for you. 不管是你妈妈还是我，除了一切为你好没有别的想法。
both...and：
You've given both your uncle and myself a lot of trouble. 你给你姑父和我都添了很多麻烦。
Sophia was both glad and sorry to see her. 索菲娅看到她既高兴又难过。
I decided to play safe both for own sake and the job's. 为我自己，也为了工作，我决定谨慎行事。
He both speaks and writes Swahili. 他既能说又能写斯瓦希里语。
as well as：
John can speak Chinese as well as French. 约翰能讲汉语及法语。
We shall travel by night as well as by day. 我们将日夜兼程。
The conflict spread everywhere, into villages, as well as into the cities. 冲突到处蔓延，蔓延到了农村，也蔓延到了城市。
It is a political as well as an economic question. 这是一个政治问题，也是一个经济问题。
2) not only...but aslo也连接两个并列成分：
He not only did the shopping but he also cook the meal. 他不仅买东西，而且还做饭。
The cuts will affect not only this school but also other schools in this area. 削减经费不仅影响这所学校，而且影响区内的其他学校。
Not only was my mother unhappy, but Marian, too. 不仅我母亲很痛苦，玛丽安也很痛苦。
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 他不光讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。
