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67 非真实条件虚拟语气句 Track65

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2020年09月07日

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67 非真实条件虚拟语气句 Track65

(1)三种基本虚拟形态
非真实条件虚拟句,顾名思义,它是用来描述说话人想象的、非真实的情景的,这些情景通常是不可能发生的,与客观实际相反的,或发生可能性极小,只表示说话者的一种主观愿望、假想和建议等。它可以对现在、过去、将来的事实进行虚拟,主句和if从句中的谓语动词形式列表如下:
虚拟语气的三种基本形态
 
1)与现在事实相反
a.If I could rearrange the alphabet, I 'd put U and I together.
b.If I had enough money, I would run a company of my own.
c.If all difficulties were known at the outset of a long journey, most of us would never start out at all.
d.I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound.
我常常想:如果每一个人在他生活早期都要遭受几天的眼睛失明,耳朵失聪,那该是多么幸福啊!黑暗会使他更加珍惜视觉;寂静无声能教会他欣赏声音的美妙。
If I were the president of a university I should establish a compulsory course in "How to Use Your Eyes". The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them. He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.
如果我是一名大学校长的话,我会开设一门“如何用眼”的必修课。教授将向他的学生讲授,怎样通过真正观看那些发生在眼前的但过去却从未注意到的事物,从而给他们的生活增添乐趣。他将唤醒学生们迟钝、麻木的感官功能。
Suppose you set your mind to work on the problem of how you would use your own eyes if you had only three more days to see. If with the oncoming darkness of the third night you knew that the sun would never rise for you again, how would you spend those three precious intervening days? What would you most want to let your gaze rest upon?
设想你在思考这样一个问题:假如你只有三天的视力,你该如何使用自己的眼睛。假如在第三天晚上随着黑暗的降临,你知道明天太阳不再会为你升起,你将如何度过这宝贵的三天?你最想让你的目光凝视在什么上面?
注:以上选自美国聋盲女作家、教育家海伦·凯勒(Helen Keller)的文章《假如给我三天光明》(Three Days to See )。两岁时一场大病夺去了海伦的听力和视力。之后她受业于莎莉文(Anne Sullivan Macy)女士。1904年以优异成绩毕业于剑桥拉德克里夫学院。她终生致力于聋哑人和盲人的公共救助事业。
2)与过去事实相反
a.If you had invited Wealth or Success, the other two of us would've stayed out, but since you invited Love, wherever he goes, we go with him. Wherever there is Love, there is also Wealth and Success!
你刚才若是邀请了“财富”或是“成功”两人,那我们其他两人就会留在外面。但是既然你已经邀请了“爱”,那么他去哪儿,我们也跟着去哪儿,因为只要有爱,就会有财富和成功!
b.You would have missed the train if you had not hurried .
c.If the flowers had been planted earlier, they would have been in bloom for the garden party last week.
d."Do you love me?—Yes. Do you really, really love me?—Yes." It was a question that has been posed to many a lover. But Stephanie Powell had a special reason for asking her boyfriend if he loved her. Because Stephanie had just won $7 million on the lottery and wanted to make sure of Wayne's devotion before she told him the good news. "If he had known about the win I would never have known whether it was me or the money he would want to stay with," she said, "I don't know what I would have done if he hadn't answered yes. I love him and want to enjoy spending the money with him.”
“你爱我吗?——爱。你是不是真正地爱我?——是的。”这样的问题许多爱人相互之间都问过。但是斯蒂芬妮·鲍威尔问她的男朋友是否爱她时,却是因为有特别的原因。因为她刚刚中了700万美元的彩票。她想先证实韦恩对她的忠心,然后再告诉他这一喜讯。“如果他事先知道我获大奖,那我就再也没有机会知道他爱的是我还是钱,”她说道,“他当时如果没有回答说爱我,我真不知道该怎么办。我爱他,并想和他一起分享这笔巨款。”
e.It would have been just as satisfactory if I_________at home. I learned nothing in class.
A. had stayed
B. stayed
C. was staying
D. would stay
正确答案:A。
f.If the whole operation_________beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.
A. was not planned
B. has not been planned
C. had not been planned
D. were not planned
正确答案:C。
3)与将来事实相反
a.If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car.
b.If he were to come here, how would you tell him about this?
c.Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the value of life.
我时常会想,如果我们能以明天就要告别这个世界的态度来度过每一天的话,那一定是极好的,因为这种心态会让每一个人珍视生命的意义。
(2)混合时间虚拟语气句
前面介绍的三种基本形态的虚拟语气,其中if 从句中谓语动词表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间是一致的,即同为现在、过去或将来。可是当二者动作发生的时间不一致时,主句和从句各自的谓语形式要根据它们动作发生的时间按照上述原则作适当调整。常见的混合时间是 从句表示过去,主句表示现在。
a.If I had not studied English, I would never be here to teach you grammar today .
had not studied是对过去的事实进行虚拟,would never be是对现在的事实进行虚拟。
b.If they had invested in that stock, they might be wealthy now .
c.A: I don't like my mother-in-law.
B: Listen, don't you realize that you couldn't have your wife if it hadn't been for your mother-in-law?
A: Yes, that's why I don't like her.
d.If I had studied English at school, I could read the English novel now .
e.If he had studied English two years ago , he might have a chance of going abroad for further study now .
f.Luciano Pavarotti said, "If I hadn't listened to my father, I would never be here today .”
g.W: What an accident! If you had been careful, things would not be as they are.
M: What do you mean, it was my fault? If it were , surely I would take all responsibility for it.
(3)倒装虚拟语气句
当if条件句中有助动词should,had或were时,则可以省去if,而将should,had 或 were置于句首,从而构成倒装虚拟语气句,意义不变。
a. Had he not been promoted , he would never have remained with the company. = If he had not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company.
b. Should I win the lottery, I would buy a car. = If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car.
c. Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday. = If he were to leave today, he would get there by Monday.
d. Were he to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem. = If he were to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem.
e. Should you change your mind, no one would blame you. = If you should change your mind, no one would blame you.
f. Had such a disaster occurred , the damage would have been incalculable. = If such a disaster had occurred , the damage would have been incalculable.
g. ______to the doctor right away, he might be alive today.
A. If he went
B. Had he gone
C. Were he gone
D. Should he have gone
正确答案:B。
h. ______before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A. Had they arrived
B. Were they arriving
C. Would they arrive
D. Were they to arrive
正确答案:D。
(4)含蓄虚拟语气句
我们前面讨论的虚拟语气句都含有虚拟的条件从句。含蓄虚拟语气句是指没有完整的条件从句,但在上下文隐含了虚拟条件的意味。隐含的条件意味可以通过下列方式表达:
1)介词或介词短语
a.What would I have done without you ?= What would I have done if I had not been with you ? 当时若没有你,我会怎么办呢?
b. In his position , I would commit myself. = If I were in his position , I would commit myself.
c.Anyone in his position would have done it like that.
d. Before liberation , such floods would have caused terrible disaster. = If they had happened before liberation , such floods would have caused terrible disaster.
e. But for their help, I would not have finished the task. = If it had not been for their help, I would not have finished the task.
f. But for the sun, there could be no life on earth. = If it were not for the sun, there could be no life on earth.
g. But that the doctor arrived on time that day(没有用虚拟), they would have been dead. = If the doctor had not arrived on time that day, they would have been dead.
h. But that he needed money desperately, he would never have turned to his brother for help.
i. ______the fog, we should have reached the destination and accomplished the task.
A. But for
B. In case of
C. Because of
D. If not
正确答案:A。
j.Without your help, we_________so much.
A. will not achieve
B. don't achieve
C. didn't achieve
D. would not have achieved
正确答案:D。
注意:but for或but that意为“若不是……”。
①but for + 名词短语
②but that + 从句(谓语动词用陈述语气,如g, h句)。
③ 可表示对过去、现在或将来的虚拟。
④表示对现在、将来的虚拟,but for相当于If it were not for...(如f句);表示对过去的虚拟,but for相当于 If it had not been for...(如e句)。其中介词for 不能省,如下句:
k. ______the sun, there could be no life on earth.
A. Were it not for
B. If it were not
C. Were it not
D. But that
正确答案:A。
2)分词短语
a. Given more time , I would have been able to finish the test.
= If I had been given more time , I would have been able to finish the test.
b.This same thing, happening in wartime , would amount to disaster.
= This same thing, if it happened in wartime , would amount to disaster. 同样的事,如果发生在战时,就会酿成大祸。
3)通过上下文来暗示条件
a. We would have won the game. (if something unexpected had not happened)
b.A: Have you done anything online that you wouldn't have done in person?
B: Yes, obviously people are bolder and more outgoing on the Internet when they don't have to deal with the consequences of their actions.
A: 在网上你曾做过现实中你不会去做的事吗?
B: 做过呀。很显然,当人们在网上的时候,他们无须考虑他们的行为后果,也就比平时更大胆,更放得开。
c.One day a bank ATM gave me an extra $20, so I returned the money to a teller. I asked some of my professors and classmates in my moral-issues class what they would have done . Many conceded they would have kept the money, but my philosophy professor quipped, " I'd have tried the machine again!"
(5)跳层虚拟语气句
这是一类较为特殊的虚拟语气句。这类句子一般分为两部分,两部分在语气上截然相反,一部分虚拟,另一部分不虚拟,而用的是陈述语气,用以陈述事实。它们二者往往由but,or,or else或otherwise来连接。正是因为这种虚拟和不虚拟兼而有之,一部分虚拟,一部分又跳出虚拟的圈子,故而得此名。
1)虚拟语气句+ but +陈述句
a.He would put on weight, but he doesn't eat much.(不用didn't)
= If he ate much, he would put on weight.
b.He could not have bought that limousine, but he inherited a big fortune from his father.= If he had not inherited a big fortune from his father, he could not have bought that limousine.
c.I would have gone to visit him in the hospital, had it been at all possible, but I_________fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were
B. had been
C. have been
D. was
正确答案:D。
d.Some women_________a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A. must make
B. should have made
C. would make
D. could have made
正确答案:D。
从上面的例句我们可以总结出以下规律:
① 主语+ would do,but +主语+一般现在时谓语形式→表示对现在事实的虚拟。
② 主语+ would have done,but +主语+一般过去时谓语形式→表示对过去事实的虚拟。当然,句中的would根据不同情态可换成should,might或could。我们也可以看出这类跳层虚拟语气句的关键标志词是but,随着but一转折,句子的语气也由虚拟变为不虚拟,即but将句子一分为二,but前面的句子用虚拟语气,but后面的句子用陈述语气。
2)陈述句+ or else +虚拟语气句
a.I didn't know the extent of his difficulty, or else I would have promised to help him.
b.I forget where I read the article, or I would show it to you now.
= If I remembered where I read the article, I would show it to you now.
c.Mary couldn't have received my letter, otherwise she would have replied before now.
d.He must have had an accident, or he_________then.
A. would have been here
B. should be here
C. had to be here
D. would be there
正确答案:A。
e.We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we_________him.
A. would have telephoned
B. must have telephoned
C. would telephone
D. had telephoned
正确答案:A。
这类跳层虚拟语气句和上述but连接的跳层虚拟语气句有所不同。此处是由or,or else或otherwise将句子一分为二,且前后分句的语气正好与上述but连接的虚拟语气句相反。我们看到or(or else,otherwise)前面的句子用的是陈述语气,而后面的句子用的是虚拟语气。也就是:
① 主语+一般现在时谓语形式,or +主语+ would do→表示对现在事实的虚拟。
② 主语+一般过去时谓语形式,or +主语+ would have done→表示对过去事实的虚拟。

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