形容词和副词考点 非谓语动词作补足语
考点7 非谓语动词作补足语
在主动语态句子中，动词不定式和分词可作宾语补足语，构成“v.+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构，当这个主动语态的句子变成被动语态，即原宾语成为句子主语时，其补足语称作主语补足语。
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。（宾语补足语）
We will not be allowed to play on the street. 我们不被允许在街上玩耍。（主语补足语）
1. 动词（短语）+宾语+带to的不定式（作宾语补足语）
有些动词（短语）后跟带to的不定式作补语，即：动词（短语）+宾语+to do sth.
拥有这种结构的常见动词（短语）有：advise, appoint, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。
2. 感官动词+宾语+宾语补足语
感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel等的宾语补足语有3种形式，即动词原形（省略to 的不定式，变成被动语态要加上to）、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示主动或正在进行，过去分词表示被动或完成，动词原形表示主动和完成。
（1）不带to的不定式充当感官动词补语。
I heard her sing an English song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。（省略to 的不定式作宾语补足语）
She was heard to sing an English song just now.
刚才她被听到唱了一首英文歌。（带to的不定式作主语补足语）
（2）现在分词充当感官动词补语。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。（宾语补足语）
She was heard singing an English song by me when I passed by her room yesterday.
昨天我经过她房间时，她被我听到在唱英文歌。（主语补足语）
（3）过去分词充当感官动词补语。
I heard the English song sung many times.
我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。（宾语补足语）
The English song was heard sung many times.
这首英文歌多次被听到唱。（主语补足语）
3. 使役动词+宾语+非谓语动词（作宾语补足语）
常见使役动词let, make, have, get+宾语+非谓语动词（作宾语补足语）
（1）let sb./sth. do 意为“让某人/某物做……”。
Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves.
让他们留在教室里面自己做练习。
（2）make sb./sth. do 意为“使/让某人/某物做……”，变被动语态时，不定式需带to。
The teacher made the students stay after class. 老师让这些学生下课后留下来。
The students were made to stay after class. 这些学生被要求下课后留下来。
（3）make sb./sth. done 意为“让/使某人或某事被……”。
He raised his voice to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门，以便让自己被人听到。
Can you easily make yourself understood in English?
你能使用英文把意思表达清楚吗？
（4）have sb./sth. do意为“让某人或某物做……”。
She had her children cook dinner for her. 她让孩子们为她做饭。
（5）have sb./sth. done 意为“让某人/某事被……”。
I had my hair cut last Saturday. 上周六我理了发。
（6）get sb. to do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”，注意to不可省略。
How can we get all the employees to arrive on time?
我们如何才能让所有员工都准时抵达？
（7）get sb./sth. done意为“让某人/某事被……”。
We’re getting our house painted this weekend. 我们这周末要请人粉刷房屋。
4. find/leave/keep+宾语+非谓语动词（作宾语补足语）
动词find, leave, keep也可以接非谓语动词作补足语。
She found a wallet lying on the ground.
她发现一只钱包在地上。（现在分词作宾语补足语）
They found the street lined with people.
他们发现大街两侧都站着人。（过去分词作宾语补足语）
He measured the cloth and found it（to be）the exact size.
他量了一下布，发现大小正好合适。（不定式作宾语补足语，to be可省略）
For most of the day he can still be found working somewhere in the plant. 白天大部分时间人们还发现他在厂里某个地方工作。（被动语态，现在分词作主语补足语）
This method was found to be practicable.
大家发现这方法很可行。（被动语态，动词不定式作主语补足语）
注意
不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表示完成或状态。
I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.（状态）
I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.（完成）
5. catch+宾语+现在分词（作宾语补足语）
catch可接现在分词作宾语补足语，构成catch sb. doing的结构，意为“撞见某人正在做某事”，其被动形式为：sb. be caught doing sth。
Next time I catch you stealing from others’ pockets, I’ll turn you in to the police.
下次再让我看到你偷别人口袋里的东西，我就把你送到警察局。（作宾语补足语）
She was caught cheating in the exam. 她考试作弊被抓到了。（作主语补足语）
6. with+宾语+非谓语动词（作宾语补足语）
（1）“with+宾语+不定式”通常表示不定式动作尚未发生或在当时看来尚未发生。
With all this work to do, I won’t have time to go out.
有这么多工作要做，我就没有时间出去了。
（2）“with+宾语+现在分词”指动作正在进行或在当时看来已是一种在持续的状态。
He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 他很快就睡着了，灯还亮着。
注意
正如进行时态有时可以表示将来意义一样，有时“现在分词”也可表示将来意义。
With winter coming on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.
冬天就要到了，该买暖和衣裳了。
（3）“with+宾语+过去分词”指与其前的名词或代词为被动关系。
She sat with her head bent. 她低着头坐在那里。
7. 不定式作主语补足语的常见结构
一些动词用于被动语态中，后面常接不定式作主语补足语，构成如下结构：
Sb./Sth.+be said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done.例如：
Shakespeare is considered to be one of the greatest writers.
莎士比亚被认为是最伟大的作家之一。
（=It is considered that Shakespeare is one of the greatest writers.）
He was said to have been cheated in the street. 据说，他在大街上被骗了。
（=It was said that he has been cheated in the street.）
