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“邻避”是什么?才没有业主维权这么简单

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2021年12月20日

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08“邻避”是什么?才没有业主维权这么简单

这是个好主意,但别弄在我家后院。——同一件事,有人看到的是“业主维权”,有人上升到“邻避”的高度。是时候好好思考一下了。

“NIMBY”,是Not In My Back Yard的缩写,中文一般称为“邻避”。

NIMBY (an acronym for the phrase “Not In My Back Yard”), or Nimby (as a word, instead of an acronym), is a pejorative characterization of opposition by residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to them (or, in some cases, because the development involves controversial or dangerous technology) often with the connotation that such residents believe that the developments are needed in society but should be further away.

NIMBY(“不要在我的后院”的缩写)是一种略带贬义的描述,它是指居民因担心某些新建项目(如开发包含有争议性或者危险的科技),距离他们太近,从而滋生“不要建在我家后院”的心理,并采取反对甚至是抗议的行为。NIMBY还有一种隐含的意义:居民们觉得社会需要这样的开发,但是应该离自己家远一点。

The residents are often called Nimbies and their state of mind is called Nimbyism.

这样的居民通常被称为Nimbies(邻避主义者),他们的思想状态被称为Nimbyism(邻避主义)。

An airport is a typical example of a development that can cause a NIMBY reaction: though locals may benefit from improved transport links and new jobs, they may oppose it with objections to the noise, pollution and traffic it will generate.

机场就是一个典型的开发导致邻避反应的例子:尽管当地可能从改良的交通枢纽和更多的工作岗位中受益,但邻避主义者可能反对,因为机场周边会产生噪音、污染和交通问题。

除了机场,被邻避现象“赶跑”的项目五花八门:从住宅开发到摩天大楼,从庇护所(homeless shelters)到工业园区,更别提军事基地、监狱……在邻避现象面前,有时候市政规划都是“浮云”。

“邻避”主义者要求“Not in my back yard”的原因当然也绝不只是“噪音大”、“挡我光”这么简单。

个人利益和社区发展之间的“讨价还价”,甚至贫富矛盾的社会现象,都可以从“邻避”运动中窥见一斑。

影响风景的通信塔

2011年1月25日,CBC News(加拿大广播公司)报道了这样一则新闻:

A group of people in the seaside community of Lawrence town, N.S., are trying to stop Eastlink from putting up a telecommunications tower in the area.

一群新斯科舍省Lawrencetown沿海社区的居民正在试图阻止Eastlink(一家电视和通讯公司)在该区域建造一座通讯塔。

这一座76米高的通讯塔被设计建造在省立公园Lawrence town Beach Provincial Park附近。当地人反对其建造的原因是,这种通讯塔的出现破坏了原本的风景。

Jimmy Inch, who lives less than one kilometre from the proposed tower site, started an online petition against the tower's construction.

Jimmy Inch曾发起反对通讯塔建设的网上请愿,这座塔的选址距离他居住范围还不到1000米。

Inch said more than 250 people have signed the online petition, largely because of concerns about how the tower might affect tourism and the view of the area's beaches.

Inch说已经有超过了250人在网上请愿上签名,很大程度上出于这座塔将影响旅游业和该区域海滩的景观的考虑。

同样生活在该区域的Jamie Sommers表示:

The tower is not a natural fit with Lawrence town.

这座塔和Lawrence town的自然景色不搭。

后来,他们还在Facebook上创立了自己的主页Stop Tower Scapes。目前,这场旷日持久的拉锯战仍在进行中。你也可以通过他们的主页,为这项请愿投上一票。

被迫“变道”的高速路

1980年代,一个名叫the Palm Beach County Expressway Authority的组织计划兴修一系列东西走向的高速公路,以完善度假胜地西棕榈滩(West Palm Beach)的交通条件。

Many neighbors in areas such as Westgate and Lake Belvedere Estates strongly opposed this plan citing it would wipe out their neighborhoods.Ultimately the plan was revised to create SR-80 Boulevard into an express like roadway by eliminating traffic lights and overpassing other local roadways.

许多区域(如Westgate和Lake Belvedere Estates)的居民强烈地反对这一计划,指出它将会毁掉他们的社区。最后这一计划被修订为将SR-80大道改建成一个快车道,移除交通信号灯、跨过其它的当地道路。

搬迁失败的少管学校

When Christian Zheng Sheng College, a correctional school for young drug addicts, opened in 1998, several people called it an eyesore.In June 2009, residents of Mui Wo voiced objection when they announced they are planning to move their campus into an empty school building there.

一所收留有毒瘾年轻人的“改造学院”——香港基督教正生书院自1998年建立以来,就被一些人视为“眼中钉”。2009年6月,当该学校宣布计划把他们的校舍搬入香港梅窝一所闲置的学校建筑时,遭到了当地居民的反对。

据香港《星岛日报》2016年7月18日报道,正生书院争取新校舍仍“无果”。

注:据香港电视节目《星期日档案-正生书院的日与夜》报道,正生书院学生在入学时都已没有毒瘾。

被讽刺的冷漠邻避主义者

2007年,位于英国萨里郡Ashtead村的居民反对将一座价值170万英镑的住宅地产变为家庭支援服务中心(Family Support Centre)。这一处地产被一个SSAFA (Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen and Families Association) Forces Help的慈善机构买下,该机构致力于为英国受伤的士兵或者退伍老兵提供终身赡养(lifelong support)。

Local residents objected to the proposal out of fear of increased traffic and noise, as well as the possibility of an increased threat of terrorism.

当地居民拒绝这个提议,因为担心不断增加的交通压力和噪音影响,以及潜在增长的恐怖主义威胁。

当地报纸对居民这样的“邻避”行为感到不满,用辛辣的言辞对这一现象进行讽刺:

Nimby neighbours' war with wounded soldiers' families.

邻避主义者向受伤士兵的家庭发起战争。

“No Heroes in my Backyard.”

“我们家里不欢迎英雄。”

从NIMBY,还衍生出来了一系列其他的缩写词:

NIMN

Not In My Neighborhood

别在我的街区里

“NIMN”additionally refers to legislative actions or private agreements made with the sole purpose of maintaining racial identity within a particular neighborhood or residential area by forcefully keeping members of other races from moving into the area.

NIMN有一层额外的含义:一些立法行为或者私人协议,通过强制禁止其他种族的人搬进该区域的方式,达到在一个街区或者住宅区维持种族认同的目的。

NIABY

Not In Anyone's Backyard

别在任何人的后院里

比如一些核电设施的建设,就通常受制于NIABY主义。

此外,还有:

NAMBI-Not Against My Business or Industry

BANANA-Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything (Anyone)

甚至是

PIBBY-Place In Blacks' Back Yard

这样歧视且冒犯的词汇。

所以看似单纯只出于业主意愿的“邻避”现象,背后可能不仅仅是“业主维权”这样简单。

这样为了将“不安定因素”隔离在外、近乎“宣示主权”的行为,反映出的更深层的社会现象与矛盾,值得仔细思考。

词汇总结

pejorative [pɪ'dʒɒrətɪv]

adj.轻蔑的; [临床]恶化的,变坏的

NIMBY (an acronym for the phrase “Not In My Back Yard”), or Nimby (as a word, instead of an acronym), is a pejorative characterization.

NIMBY(“不要在我的后院”的缩写)是一种略带贬义的描述.

connotation [kɒnə'teɪʃ(ə)n]

n.内涵;含蓄;暗示,隐含意义

NIMBY is often with the connotation that such residents believe that the developments are needed in society but should be further away.

NIMBY还有一种隐含的意义:居民们觉得社会需要这样的开发,但是应该离自己家远一点。

wipe out

消灭,彻底摧毁;垮台;(滑雪等时的)翻倒;封闭

Many neighbours in areas such as Westgate and Lake Belvedere Estates strongly opposed this plan citing it would wipe out their neighbourhoods.

许多区域(如Westgate和Lake Belvedere Estates)的居民强烈地反对这一计划,指出它将会毁掉他们的社区。

petition [pɪ'tɪʃ(ə)n]

n.请愿;请愿书;祈求; [法]诉状

Jimmy Inch, who lives less than one kilometre from the proposed tower site, started an online petition against the tower's construction.

Jimmy Inch曾发起反对通讯塔建设的网上请愿,这座塔的选址距离他居住范围还不到1000米。

eyesore ['aɪsɔː]

n.眼中钉;难看的东西

When Christian Zheng Sheng College, a correctional school for young drug addicts, opened in 1998, several people called it an eyesore.

一所收留有毒瘾年轻人的“改造学院”——香港基督教正生书院自1998年建立以来,就被一些人视为“眼中钉”。


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