社交媒体虚假消息疯传，如何练就火眼金睛

08 社交媒体虚假消息疯传，如何练就火眼金睛

美国总统大选白热化时，社交媒体上充斥着铺天盖地的假新闻。这些假新闻的影响并没有随着大选的尘埃落定而结束。相反，它们如同瘟疫一般迅速蔓延。

Millions of people have read about a crazy conspiracy theory called “Pizzagate.” An untold number of them actually believe it.One person apparently took matters into his own hands and showed up with guns to the pizza place that the conspiracy theorists say is at the center of the web.

上百万人都曾读过一条叫做“披萨门”的疯狂阴谋论，其中不计其数的人信以为真。其中一位竟亲自出马，持枪前往阴谋论中提到的核心窝点。

——CNN

发生枪击案的餐厅Comet Ping Pong

美国总统大选期间，互联网上出现了铺天盖地的假新闻。如今大选已经结束，假新闻的影响却还在继续。美国一名男子受一条假新闻的驱使在华盛顿的一家餐厅制造了一场枪击案。英国《卫报》详细报道了此事：

An unidentified 35-year-old man was being held for questioning after police were called to the Comet Ping Pong restaurant in Washington near the Maryland border, said Aquita Brown, a spokeswoman for the Metropolitan Police Department in the nation's capital.

华盛顿特区警察局的发言人Aquita Brown称，警察赶到了华盛顿与马里兰交界处的Comet Ping Pong餐厅，将一名身份不明的35岁男性拘留讯问。

The suspect entered the restaurant and pointed a gun at a restaurant employee, who fled and notified authorities, police said.The man then discharged the weapon inside the restaurant.There were no injuries.

警方称，嫌疑人进入餐厅并用枪指着工作人员，但工作人员逃走并报了警。该男子在餐厅内开枪，但无人受伤。

They said the suspect during an interview with investigators revealed that he came to the establishment to “self-investigate” Pizzagate, the police statement said.Pizzagate is a baseless conspiracy, which falsely claims Clinton and her campaign chief John Podesta were running a child sex ring from the restaurant's backrooms.

警方称嫌疑人在调查人员的讯问中供认，此举是为了亲自调查“披萨门”。“披萨门”是一则毫无根据的阴谋论，诬陷希拉里和她的竞选主席John Podesta在这家餐厅的密室里经营一家儿童妓院。

披萨门并不是个例。在大选期间曾经出现过很多广为流传的假新闻。其中包括一篇来自子虚乌有的刊物《丹佛卫报》的“报道”：一名被疑泄露了希拉里私人服务器上邮件的FBI特工被发现死于谋杀或自杀。凭借Facebook标志性的新闻传播速度，这则新闻在该社交媒体上以每分钟100次的分享速度迅速扩散。

而受到假新闻影响的不只是美国大选。假新闻的风潮如同瘟疫一般蔓延。英国《卫报》称，流传在社交媒体上的假新闻已经成了全世界的难题：

The most blatant example of fake news to hit Germany so far occurred earlier this year over reports that a 13-year-old girl of Russian origin, known as Lisa F, had been raped in Berlin by refugees from the Middle East.The story received extensive coverage on Russian and German media who reported the allegations that she had been abducted on her way to school and gang-raped.The attack turned out to have been fabricated, as Berlin's chief of police was quick to point out.According to Berlin's public prosecutor's office the girl had spent 30 hours with people known to her, and a medical examination proved she had not been raped.

目前，德国最明目张胆的假新闻出现在今年早些时候，称一名13岁俄裔女孩Liza F在柏林被来自中东的难民强奸。大量俄罗斯和德国媒体报道了此事，称她在上学路上被绑架并轮奸。柏林警察局长很快指出此次犯罪事件被证明是伪造的。根据柏林公共检察官办公室，这名女孩与熟人一起待了30个小时，医学检查也证明她没有被强奸。

尽管该报道很快被证明为假消息，但仍引起了巨大的反响，包括德国国内极右翼和反伊斯兰势力的游行抗议和来自俄罗斯外交部的指责。

One example, in the recent primary race to choose the French right's presidential candidate, was a campaign on the fachosphère to claim the centre-right candidate Alain Juppé was linked to the Muslim Brotherhood.The accusation dated back to local elections in 2014 when distorted stories circulated on a far-right opinion website, accusing Juppé of wanting to build a “Mosque-Cathedral” in Bordeaux, where he is mayor.The story grew and was embellished during the primary campaigns to portray Juppé as a Muslim Brotherhood-linked “Ali Juppé”.

举一个例子，在法国最近举行的右翼总统候选人选举中，fachosphère上的一则竞选宣传中称中右派候选人阿兰·朱佩(Alain Juppé)与穆斯林兄弟会有联系。这一指控可以追溯到2014年，一场地方选举中，极右翼网站发布歪曲的消息指控市长朱佩想在波尔多建一座清真寺。在初选选战中这个消息被人们口耳相传，越抹越黑，将朱佩表述为与穆斯林兄弟会有牵连的“阿里·朱佩”。

朱佩最终在法国共和党初选的第二轮落败。假新闻无疑对他带来了负面影响。

根据CNN的报道，刚刚结束的意大利宪法改革公投也被假新闻波及。

Half of the most popular news stories related to the referendum shared on social media in Italy before the vote on Sunday were fake, according to a fact checking site Pagella Politica.

根据事实查证网站Pagella Politica，在周日的公投开始前，意大利社交网站上与公投有关的流传最广的新闻中，有一半都是假的。

“Fake news are able to reach huge audiences, but by and large they remain undetected by the media-and so are not debunked or criticized,” said Giovanni Zagni, senior analyst at Pagella Politica.

“假新闻有广大的受众，但媒体很大程度上对此一无所知，假新闻也因此免于被揭穿和批判。” Pagella Politica的资深分析师Giovanni Zagni说。

此外，在巴西、澳大利亚、印度等国家，也出现了带来严重负面影响的假新闻。假新闻在社交媒体上的广泛传播带来的影响已经如此严重，以至于牛津大学网络学专家霍华德（Philip Howard）发出了警告称，社交媒体正在扼杀民主。

Buzzfeed编辑克雷格·西尔弗曼（Craig Silverman）统计发现，在美国大选投票的前3个月，Facebook上和竞选人相关的假新闻的受关注度超过来自《纽约时报》、《赫芬顿邮报》等传统媒体。很难评估社交媒体上疯传的这些虚假信息会对选举产生多大的影响，但毫无疑问会产生影响。

在虚假消息遍布社交网站的今天，普通人是否只能人为刀俎，我为鱼肉，成为假新闻的牺牲品呢？NPR给出了一些建议来帮助大家识别假新闻。

Pay attention to the domain and URL

注意新闻网站的域名和URL

一些以.com.co 结尾的网站常常缺乏可信度

Read the “About Us” section

读网站上“关于我们”的板块

了解发布消息的新闻机构有助于辨别假消息

Look at the quotes in a story

注意新闻中的引用

很多假消息的消息源并不可靠

Look at who said them

注意引用的信息是谁提供的

假消息中引用的专业人士的话可能存在歪曲

Check the comments

查看评论

评论中可能有知情人指出虚假信息

Reverse image search

反向搜索新闻图片

很多假新闻配有误导性的图片，反向搜索新闻图片可以查找图片的来源

词汇总结

conspiracy [kən'spɪrəsɪ]

n.阴谋；共谋；阴谋集团

Millions of people have read about a crazy conspiracy theory called “Pizzagate.”

上百万人都曾读过一条叫做“披萨门”的疯狂阴谋论。

blatant ['bleɪt(ə)nt]

adj.喧嚣的；公然的；炫耀的；俗丽的

The most blatant example of fake news to hit Germany so far occurred earlier this year

目前，德国最明目张胆的假新闻出现在今年早些时候。

fabricate ['fæbrɪkeɪt]

v.制造；伪造；装配

The attack turned out to have been fabricated, as Berlin's chief of police was quick to point out.

柏林警察局长很快指出此次犯罪事件被证明是伪造的。

debunk [diː'bʌŋk]

v.揭穿；拆穿…的假面具；暴露

Fake news are able to reach huge audiences, but by and large they remain undetected by the media-and so are not debunked or criticized.

假新闻有广大的受众，但媒体很大程度上对此一无所知，假新闻也因此免于被揭穿和批判。

circulate ['sɜːkjʊleɪt]

v.传播，流传；循环；流通

The accusation dated back to local elections in 2014 when distorted stories circulated on a far-right opinion website, accusing Juppé of wanting to build a “Mosque-Cathedral” in Bordeaux, where he is mayor.

这一指控可以追溯到2014年，一场地方选举中，极右翼网站发布歪曲的消息指控市长朱佩想在波尔多建一座清真寺。