演讲MP3+双语文稿:成为“女人/男人”的要素究竟是什么？
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:成为“女人/男人”的要素究竟是什么？，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲主题】Karissa Sanbonmatsu《成为“女人/男人”的要素究竟是什么？》
【演讲文稿-中英文】
翻译者 Psjmz Mz 校对 Yolanda Zhang
So what does it mean to bea woman?We all have XX chromosomes, right?Actually, that's nottrue.Some women are mosaics.They have a mix of chromosome typeswith X, with XY or with XXX.If it's not just about ourchromosomes,then what is being a woman about?Beingfeminine?Getting married?Having kids?You don't have to lookfar to find fantastic exceptionsto these rules,but we all sharesomething that makes us women.Maybe that something is in ourbrains.
那么成为女人意味着什么呢？我们都有XX条染色体，对不对？实际上，这是不正确的。有些女人是马赛克。它们具有X，XY或XXX混合的染色体类型。如果不只是关于我们的染色体，那么作为一个女人呢？女人味？要结婚了吗有孩子吗您不必花很多时间就可以找到这些规则的绝妙例外，但是我们都有共同点，使我们成为女性。也许有些东西在我们的大脑中。
You might have heardtheories from last centuryabout how men are better at math thanwomenbecause they have bigger brains.These theories have beendebunked.The average man has a brain about three times smallerthanthe average elephant,but that doesn't meanthe average man is threetimes dumber than an elephant ...or does it?
您可能已经听过上世纪的理论，关于男人在数学方面比女人更好，因为他们的大脑更大。这些理论被揭穿了。普通人的大脑比普通大象小三倍，但这并不意味着普通人比大象笨三倍……还是吗？
(Laughter)
（笑声）
There's a new wave offemale neuroscientiststhat are finding important differences betweenfemale and male brainsin neuron connectivity,in brain structure, inbrain activity.They're finding that the brain is like a patchwork mosaic--a mixture.Women have mostly female patches and a few malepatches.
女性神经科学家的新浪潮正在发现男女大脑之间在神经元连通性，大脑结构和大脑活动方面的重要差异。他们发现大脑就像一个拼凑而成的马赛克-混合在一起。妇女大部分为女性斑块，少数为男性斑块。
With all this new data,what does it mean to be a woman?This is something that I've been thinkingabout almost my entire life.When people learn that I'm a woman whohappens to be transgender,they always ask,"How do you knowyou're a woman?"As a scientist, I'm searching for a biological basisof gender.I want to understand what makes me me.New discoveries atthe front edge of scienceare shedding light on the biomarkers that definegender.My colleagues and I in genetics, neuroscience, physiology andpsychology,we're trying to figure out exactly how genderworks.These vastly different fields share a common connection--epigenetics.In epigenetics, we're studying how DNA activitycanactually radically and permanently change,even though the sequence staysthe same.
有了所有这些新数据，成为女人意味着什么？这是我几乎一生都在思考的事情。当人们得知我是一个正要变性的女人时，他们总是问：“你怎么知道你是女人？”作为科学家，我正在寻找性别的生物学基础。我想了解是什么使我成为我。科学前沿的新发现正在阐明定义性别的生物标志物。我和我的遗传学，神经科学，生理学和心理学的同事们正在努力弄清楚性别是如何工作的。这些截然不同的领域有着共同的联系-表观遗传学。在表观遗传学中，我们正在研究DNA活性实际上如何从根本上永久改变，即使序列保持不变。
DNA is the long,string-like molecule that winds up inside our cells.There's so muchDNAthat it actually gets tangled into these knot-like things--we'll just call them knots.So external factors change how thoseDNA knots are formed.You can think of it like this:inside ourcells, there's different contraptions building things,connectingcircuits,doing all the things they need to make life happen.Here'sone that's sort of reading the DNA and making RNA.And then this one iscarrying a huge sac of neurotransmittersfrom one end of the braincellto the other.Don't they get hazard pay for this kind ofwork?
DNA是缠绕在我们细胞内部的长串状分子。实际上，有太多的DNA被缠结到这些类似结的事物中，我们称它们为结。因此，外部因素改变了这些DNA结的形成方式。您可以这样想：在我们的单元中，有各种不同的装置在构建事物，连接电路，完成使生命得以实现所需的所有事情。这是一种读取DNA并制造RNA的方式。然后这个从脑细胞的一端到另一端携带着巨大的神经递质囊。他们不为这种工作获得危险报酬吗？
(Laughter)
（笑声）
This one is an entiremolecular factory --some say it's the secret to life.It's call theribosome.I've been studying this since 2001.
这是整个分子工厂，有人说这是生命的秘密。叫做核糖体。自2001年以来，我一直在研究。
One of the stunning thingsabout our cellsis that the components inside them are actuallybiodegradable.They dissolve,and then they're rebuilt eachday,kind of like a traveling carnivalwhere the rides are taken downand then rebuilt every single day.A big difference between our cells andthe traveling carnivalis that in the carnival,there are skilledcraftsmen that rebuild the rides each day.In our cells, there are no suchskilled craftsmen,only dumb builder machinesthat build whatever'swritten in the plans,no matter what those plans say.Those plans arethe DNA.The instructions for every nook and cranny inside ourcells.
关于我们的细胞的令人惊奇的事情之一是它们内部的成分实际上是可生物降解的。它们溶解后，每天都进行重建，就像旅行的狂欢节一样，放下游乐设施，然后每天重建。我们的牢房和旅行狂欢节之间的一个很大区别是，在狂欢节中，每天都有熟练的工匠来重建游乐设施。在我们的牢房中，没有这样熟练的工匠，只有笨拙的建造者机器才能构建计划中写的内容，无论这些计划怎么说。这些计划是DNA。细胞内每个角落的指示。
If everything in, say, ourbrain cellsdissolves almost every day,then how can the brainremember anything past one day?That's where DNA comes in.DNA is oneof the those things that does not dissolve.But for DNA to remember thatsomething happened,it has to change somehow.We know the changecan't be in the sequence;if it changed sequence all the time,thenwe might be growing like, a new ear or a new eyeball every single day.
例如，如果几乎所有东西都进入我们的脑细胞，那么大脑如何记忆一天之后的一切？那就是DNA进入的地方。DNA是不溶解的东西之一。但是要让DNA记住发生的事情，就必须以某种方式进行更改。我们知道，变化不能按顺序进行。如果它一直在改变顺序，那么我们可能每天都会像新耳朵或新眼球一样成长。
(Laughter)
（笑声）
So, instead it changesshape,and that's where those DNA knots come in.You can think ofthem like DNA memory.When something big in our life happens,like atraumatic childhood event,stress hormones flood our brain.Thestress hormones don't affect the sequence of DNA,but they do change theshape.They affect that part of DNAwith the instructions formolecular machines that reduce stress.That piece of DNA gets wound upinto a knot,and now the dumb builder machines can't read the plans theyneedto build the machines that reduce stress.That's a mouthful, butit's what's happening on the microscale.On the macroscale, youpractically lose the ability to deal with stress,and that's bad.Andthat's how DNA can remember what happens in the past.
因此，它改变了形状，这就是那些DNA结出现的地方。您可以将它们视为DNA记忆。当我们生活中一件大事发生时，例如童年创伤事件，压力荷尔蒙充斥我们的大脑。应激激素不会影响DNA的序列，但会改变形状。它们通过减少应力的分子机器的说明影响DNA的这一部分。那段DNA被缠绕成一个结，如今，笨拙的建造者机器无法读取他们建造减轻压力的机器所需的计划。那是一个大嘴巴，但这是微观上正在发生的事情。在宏观上，您实际上失去了应对压力的能力，这很糟糕。这就是DNA可以记住过去发生的事情的方式。
This is what I think washappening to mewhen I first started my gender transition.I knew Iwas a woman on the inside,and I wore women's clothes on theoutside,but everyone saw me as a man in a dress.I felt like nomatter how many things I try,no one would ever really see me as awoman.In science, your credibility is everything,and people weresnickering in the hallways,giving me stares,looks of disgust--afraid to be near me.I remember my first big talk aftertransition.It was in Italy.I'd given prestigious talksbefore,but this one, I was terrified.I looked out into theaudience,and the whispers started --the stares,the smirks,the chuckles.To this day, I still have social anxiety around myexperience eight years ago.I lost hope.Don't worry, I've had therapyso I'm OK --I'm OK now.
这就是我刚开始性别过渡时发生的事情。我知道我内心是个女人，外面是女人的衣服，但是每个人都把我看成是男人。我觉得无论我尝试多少尝试，都没有人真正将我视为女人。在科学中，您的信誉就是一切，人们在走廊里窃笑，给我凝视，令人厌恶-害怕靠近我。我记得过渡后的第一个大话题。那是在意大利。我之前曾进行过有声望的演讲，但这一演讲让我感到恐惧。我望着观众，耳语开始-凝视，傻笑，轻笑。直到今天，八年前，我仍然对社交充满焦虑。我失去了希望。不用担心，我已经接受治疗了，所以我很好-现在我很好。
(Laughter)
（笑声）
(Cheers)
（干杯）
(Applause)
（掌声）
But I felt enough isenough:I'm a scientist,I have a doctorate inastrophysics,I've published in the top journals,in wave-particleinteractions, space physics,nucleic acid biochemistry.I've actuallybeen trained to get to the bottom of things, so --
但是我感到足够了：我是一名科学家，拥有天体物理学博士学位，并已在顶级期刊上发表，涉及波粒子相互作用，空间物理学和核酸生物化学。我实际上已经受过训练，可以深入研究事物，所以-
(Laughter)
（笑声）
I went online --
我上网了-
(Applause)
（掌声）
So I went online, and Ifound fascinating research papers.I learned that these DNA knot thingsare not always bad.Actually, the knotting and unknotting --it'slike a complicated computer language.It programs our bodies withexquisite precision.
于是我上网，发现了引人入胜的研究论文。我了解到，这些DNA结并不总是坏事。实际上，打结和不打结-就像是复杂的计算机语言。它可以对我们的身体进行精确的编程。
So when we getpregnant,our fertilized eggs grow into newborn babies.This processrequires thousands of DNA decisions to happen.Should an embryo cellbecome a blood cell?A heart cell? A brain cell?And the decisionshappen at different times during pregnancy.Some in the first trimester,some in the second trimesterand some in the third trimester.Totruly understand DNA decision-making,we need to see the process of knotformation in atomic detail.Even the most powerful microscopes can't seethis.What if we tried to simulate these on a computer?For that we'dneed a million computers to do that.That's exactly what we have at LosAlamos Labs --a million computers connected in a giant warehouse.
因此，当我们怀孕时，受精卵就会长成新生婴儿。这个过程需要数以千计的DNA决定才能发生。胚胎细胞应该变成血细胞吗？心脏细胞？脑细胞？而且这些决定在怀孕期间的不同时间发生。有些在孕早期，有些在孕中期，有些在孕晚期。要真正理解DNA决策，我们需要了解原子结的形成过程。即使是最强大的显微镜也看不到这一点。如果我们尝试在计算机上模拟这些怎么办？为此，我们需要一百万台计算机才能做到这一点。这正是我们在Los Alamos Labs拥有的-一百万台计算机连接在一个巨大的仓库中。
So here we're showing theDNA making up an entire genefolded into very specific shapes ofknots.For the first time,my team has simulated an entire gene ofDNA --the largest biomolecular simulation performed to date.For thefirst time, we're beginning to understand the unsolved problemof howhormones trigger the formation of these knots.
因此，这里我们展示的是将整个基因折叠成非常特殊的结状结构的DNA。我的团队第一次模拟了整个DNA基因，这是迄今为止进行的最大的生物分子模拟。第一次，我们开始了解尚未解决的问题，即激素如何触发这些结的形成。
DNA knot formation can beseen beautifully in calico cats.The decision between orange andblackhappens early on in the womb,so that orange-and-black patchypattern,it's an exact readout of what happenedwhen that cat wasjust a tiny little kitten embryoinside her mom's womb.And the patchypattern actually happens in our brains and in cancer.It's directlyrelated to intellectual disability and breast cancer.
在印花猫中可以清楚地看到DNA结的形成。橙色和黑色之间的决定是在子宫中早期做出的，因此橙色和黑色的斑块状图案是对那只猫只是妈妈子宫内的一个很小的小猫胚胎发生的事情的精确读出。斑纹模式实际上发生在我们的大脑和癌症中。它与智障和乳腺癌直接相关。
These DNA decisions alsohappen in other parts of the body.It turns out that the precursorgenitals transform into either female or maleduring the first trimesterof pregnancy.The precursor brains, on the other hand,transform intofemale or male during the second trimester of pregnancy.So the currentworking modelis that a unique mix in my mom's wombcaused theprecursor genitals to transform one way,but the precursor brain totransform the other way.
这些DNA决定也发生在身体的其他部位。事实证明，在怀孕的前三个月中，前体生殖器会转变为女性或男性。另一方面，在怀孕中期，前脑会转变为女性或男性。因此，目前的工作模式是，妈妈子宫中的独特混合物导致前体生殖器改变一种方式，而前体大脑改变另一种方式。
Most of epigeneticresearchhas really focused on stress, anxiety, depression --kind ofa downer,kind of bad things.
大多数表观遗传学研究实际上都集中在压力，焦虑，抑郁上，这是一种压倒性的，坏事。
(Laughter)
（笑声）
But nowadays --thelatest stuff --people are looking at relaxation.Can that have apositive effect on your DNA?Right now we're missing key data from micemodels.We know that mice relax,but could they meditate like the DalaiLama?Achieve enlightenment?Could they move stones with their mindlike Jedi Master Yoda?
但是如今-最新的东西-人们正在寻找放松。这会对您的DNA产生积极影响吗？目前，我们缺少小鼠模型的关键数据。我们知道老鼠会放松，但是他们会像达赖喇嘛一样冥想吗？获得启示？他们可以像绝地大师尤达一样用自己的思想移动石头吗？
(Yoda voice): Hm, a Jedi mouse must feelthe force flow, hm.
（Yoda的声音）：嗯，绝地老鼠必须感觉到力量的流动，嗯。
(Laughter)
（笑声）
(Applause)
（掌声）
I wonder if the supportI've had since that talk back in Italyhas tried to unwind myDNA.Having a great circle of friends, supportive parentsand beingin a loving relationshiphas actually given me strength and hope to helpothers.At work I wear a rainbow bracelet.Sometimes it raiseseyebrows, but it also raises awareness.There's so many transgender people--especially women of color --that are just one demeaning commentaway from taking their own lives.Forty percent of us attemptsuicide.If you're listening and you feel like you have no otheroption,try to call a friend,go online or try to get in a supportgroup.If you're a woman who's not transgender but you know pain of isolation,ofsexual assault --reach out.
我想知道自从那次在意大利的谈话以来我所获得的支持是否试图消除我的基因。拥有一大群朋友，支持父母的父母以及彼此相爱的关系实际上给了我力量，并希望能帮助别人。在工作中，我戴着彩虹手镯。有时会引起人们的注意，但也会引起人们的注意。有这么多变性人-尤其是有色女人-只是贬低了他们的性命而已。我们中有40％的人企图自杀。如果您在听，并且感觉别无选择，请尝试打电话给朋友，上网或尝试加入支持小组。如果您是不变性的女性，但您知道孤独，性侵犯的痛苦，请伸出援手。
So what does it mean to bea woman?The latest research is showingthat female and male brainsdo develop differently in the womb,possibly giving us females this innatesense of being a woman.On the other hand,maybe it's our sharedsense of commonality that makes us women.We come in so many differentshapes and sizesthat asking what it means to be a woman may not be theright question.It's like asking a calico cat what it means to be a calicocat.Maybe becoming a woman means accepting ourselvesfor who wereally areand acknowledging the same in each other.
那么成为女人意味着什么呢？最新研究表明，子宫中雌性和雄性大脑的发育确实有所不同，这可能使我们拥有女性固有的女性意识。另一方面，也许正是我们共同的共同意识使我们成为女性。我们有许多不同的形状和大小，以至于问成为女人意味着什么可能不是正确的问题。这就像问印花布猫变成印花布猫意味着什么。也许成为一个女人意味着接受我们自己的真实面目，并互相承认对方。
I see you.And you'vejust seen me.
我看见你。而且你刚刚看到我。
(Applause and cheers)
（掌声和欢呼声）
