演讲MP3+双语文稿:解决全球问题，我们需要把目光投向发展中国家
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:解决全球问题，我们需要把目光投向发展中国家，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Bright Simons
布莱特·西蒙斯是一位技术思想家、社会创新者和“思想活动家”。
【演讲主题】解决全球问题，我们需要把目光投向发展中国家
【中英文字幕】
翻译者Jessie Zhang 校对者 Yolanda Zhang
00:04
I am an ideas activist.That means I fight for ideas I believe into have their place in the sun,regardless of which side of the equator they were born.As well I should.I myself am from that part of the worldoften euphemistically referred to as either "the Global South"or "the developing world."But let's be blunt about it:when we say those words, what we really mean is the poor world --those corners of the world with ready-made containersfor the hand-me-down ideas of other places and other people.
我是一名创意积极分子。意思就是我为了 自己相信的创意而战，无论这些创意 诞生在赤道的哪一边，都让它们能在阳光下 有一席之地。我也应该这么做。我自己就来自那个经常被委婉地称作“南半球“或者”发展中世界“的那部分世界。但是咱们说得直白点:当我们说那些词的时候， 我们真正想说的是贫穷世界——那个用着别人想出来的、现成创意的世界。
00:48
But I'm here to depart a little bit from the scriptand to try and convince youthat these places are actually alive and bubbling with ideas.My real issue is: Where do I even start?So maybe Egypt, Alexandria,where we meet Rizwan.When he walks outside his souk,walks into a pharmacy for heart medicinethat can prevent the blood in his arteries from clotting,he confronts the fact that,despite a growing epidemicthat currently accounts for 82 percent of all deaths in Egypt,it is the medicines that can address these conditionsthat counterfeiters, ever the evil geniuses they are,have decided to target.Counterfeiters making knockoff medicines.
但是我来这是想另辟蹊径，尝试着去说服你们相信，这些地方其实很有活力、 充满着创意。我真正的难题是：该从哪开始说起？也许先从埃及 的亚历山大港，我们遇见里兹万（Rizwan）的地方说起吧。当他走出市场，进了一家药店去买能够防止动脉血栓的心脏病药时，他面临着这样一个事实，就是即使埃及 82% 的死亡都由一个正在扩散的流行病造成，但是造假者们，这些邪恶的天才们，偏偏选中了能治疗这些病的药。造假者们正在造假药。
01:43
Luckily for Rizwan,my team and I,working in partnership with the largest pharmaceutical company in Africa,have placed unique codes -- think of them like one-time passwords --on each pack of the best-selling heart medicine in Egypt.So when Rizwan buys heart medicine,he can key in these one-time passwordsto a toll-free short codethat we've set up on all the telecom companies in Egyptfor free.He gets a message -- call it the message of life --which reassures himthat this medicine is not one of the 12 percent of all medicines in Egyptthat are counterfeits.
里兹万很幸运，因为我和我的团队和非洲最大的制药公司联合，在埃及每一包卖得最好的 心脏药上面加上了独特的编码，可以把这些编码想象成一次性密码。所以当里兹万买心脏药的时候，他可以把这些一次性密码发送至一个免费的短号码，这个短号码我们在埃及的所有电信公司都免费设置了。然后他会收到一条短信—— 叫它生命的短信吧——确保他买的药不是埃及所有药中那 12% 的假药。
02:34
From the gorgeous banks of the Nile,we glide into the beautiful Rift Valley of Kenya.In Narok Town, we meet Ole Lenku, salt-of-the-earth fellow.When he walks into an agrodealer's shop,all he wants is certified and proper cabbage seedsthat, if he were to plant them,will yield a harvest rich enoughthat he can pay for the school fees of his children.That's all he wants.Unfortunately,by the reckoning of most international organizations,40 percent of all the seeds sold in Eastern and Southern Africaare of questionable quality,sometimes outrightly fake.Luckily for Ole,once again, our team has been at work,and, working with the leading agriculture regulator in Kenya,we've digitized the entire certification processfor seeds in that country,every seed -- millet, sorghum, maize --such that when Ole Lenku keys in a code on a packet of millet,he's able to retrieve a digital certificatethat assures him that the seed is properly certified.
从尼罗河动人的岸边，我们来到肯尼亚美丽的裂谷。在纳罗克镇，我们遇到了欧雷·蓝库， 他属于社会中坚力量那一类。当他走进一个农产品商店的时候，他想要的，不过是能买到认证了的、 合适的卷心菜种子，让他能种下去之后有个好收成，然后他可以给孩子交学费。他只想要这么多。不幸的是，大多数国际组织计算出，在东非和南非售卖的所有种子中，40% 的种子有质量问题，甚至有一些完全就是假货。欧雷很幸运，我们的团队又一次行动起来了，我们和肯尼亚领头 的农业监管组织合作，将这个国家的每一类种子——小米、高粱、玉米——的认证过程彻底数字化了，这样当欧雷·蓝库发送 一袋小米种子上的编码时，他能收到一个数字证书，证实种子是经过有效认证的。
03:48
From Kenya, we head to Noida in India,where the irrepressible Ambikais holding on very fast to her dream of becoming an elite athlete,safe in the knowledge thatbecause of our ingredients rating technology,she's not going to ingest something accidentally,which will mess up her doping testsand kick her out of the sports she loves.
从肯尼亚， 我们来到了印度的诺伊达，在那里，不甘屈服的安比卡(Ambika)正坚守着她成为 一名精英运动员的梦想，她知道，因为我们的原料评级技术，她不会意外吃下什么东西，影响到她的兴奋剂检查结果，从而把她踢出她热爱的运动。
04:14
Finally, we alight in Ghana,my own home country,where another problem needs addressing --the problem of under-vaccination or poor-quality vaccination.You see, when you put some vaccines into the bloodstream of an infant,you are giving them a lifetime insuranceagainst dangerous diseases that can cripple them or kill them.Sometimes, this is for a lifetime.The problem is that vaccines are delicate organisms really,and they need to be stored between two degrees and eight degrees.And if you don't do that, they lose their potency,and they no longer confer the immunitythe child deserves.Working with computer vision scientists,we've converted simple markers on the vials of vaccinesinto what you might regard as crude thermometers.So then, these patterns change slowly over time in response to temperatureuntil they leave a distinct pattern on the surface of the vaccine,such that a nurse, with a scan of the phone,can detect if the vaccine was stored properly in the right temperatureand therefore is still good for usebefore administering this to the child --literally securing the next generation.
最后，我们回到了我的祖国，加纳（西非城市），在那里，另一个问题有待解决——缺乏疫苗接种，或疫苗质量低下。要知道，当你把疫苗 注射到一个婴儿的血液中时，你是在给他们提供一个对抗致残或致命的危险疾病的保险。有时候，这个保险终身有效。而问题是，疫苗是 很脆弱，易变质的有机物，它们需要被贮存在 2 到 8 摄氏度之间。如果没有这么做， 它们会失去效力，再也不能给予孩子们他们应得的免疫力。我们和计算机视觉科学家合作，将疫苗药品上的简单标志转换成你可以看做是 简易温度计的东西。然后，温度计上的样式会 随着气温而慢慢改变，直到它们在疫苗的表层上 留下一个明显的标记，这样当一个护士 拿手机一扫描，就可以检测疫苗是否被 贮存在适宜的温度下，并在将疫苗 注射到孩子的身体里前，检测出这个疫苗是否能正常使用——真正地保护了下一代。
05:30
These are some of the solutions at work saving lives, redeeming societies,in these parts of the world.But I would remind youthat there are powerful ideas behind them,and I'll recap a few.One, that social trust is not the same as interpersonal trust.Two, that the division between consumption and regulationin an increasingly interdependent worldis no longer viable.And three, that decentralized autonomy,regardless of what our blockchain enthusiasts in the West --whom I respect a lot -- say,are not as important as reinforcing social accountability feedback loops.These are some of the ideas.
这些是来自这一部分世界的、 正在拯救着生命和社会的解决方法。但是我要提醒各位的是，这些解决方法背后 是有力的观点在支撑着，我来简单地重述一下。第一，社会信任和 人与人之间的信任不同。第二，在一个互利共生 正日益加强的世界里，消费和监管之间的分离不再可行。第三，不论西方的区块链狂热者——我非常尊重他们——说什么，分权自治都没有加强社会责任反馈回路那么重要。这些就是其中的一些观点。
06:11
Now, every time I go somewhere and I give this speechand I make these comments and I provide these examples,people say, "If these ideas are so damn brilliant,why aren't they everywhere?I've never heard of them."I want to assure you,the reason why you have not heard of these ideasis exactly the point I made in the beginning.And that is that there are parts of the worldwhose good ideas simply don't scalebecause of the latitude on which they were born.I call that "mental latitude imperialism."
现在，每当我去到某处做这个演讲，给出这些评论，抛出这些例子，总有人说，“如果这些创意这么牛，为什么没在全世界施行呢？我从来没听说过这些创意。”我想跟各位保证，你们没听过这些创意的原因正是我演讲开头就说明了的。这个世界有些地区的好创意没法大规模被实施仅仅是因为它们诞生的纬度不对。我称其为“精神纬度帝国主义”。
06:42
(Laughter)
（笑）
06:45
That really is the reason.
真的是这个原因。
06:46
But you may counter and say, "Well, maybe it's an important problem,but it's sort of an obscure problem in parts of the world.Why do you want to globalize such problems?I mean, they are better local."What if, in response, I told youthat actually, underlying each of these problems that I've describedis a fundamental issue of the breakdown of trustin markets and institutions,and that there's nothing more global, more universal, closer to you and Ithan the problem of trust.For example, a quarter of all the seafood marketed in the US is falsely labeled.So when you buy a tuna or salmon sandwich in Manhattan,you are eating something that could be banned for being toxic in Japan.Literally.Most of you have heard of a time when horsemeat was masquerading as beefin burger patties in Europe?You have.What you don't know is that a good chunk of these fake meat pattieswere also contaminated with cadmium, which can damage your kidneys.This was Europe.Many of you are aware of plane crashes and you worry about plane crashes,because every now and then, one of them intrudes into your consciousness.But I bet you don't knowthat a single investigation uncovered one million counterfeit incidentsin the aeronautical supply chain in the US.
但是可能你会反对说， “也许这个问题挺重要的，但它只是世界部分地区的 不太显眼的问题，为什么你要把它全球化呢？它们最好只限制在当地。”如果我回答你，事实上，我所描述的每个问题，其根源都是市场和机构的信任崩溃，而没有任何问题能比信任问题 更具全球性、更具普遍性、更贴近你我了。比如，美国市场上的海鲜 有四分之一被贴错了标签。所以当你在曼哈顿买了一个 金枪鱼或三文鱼三明治的时候，你可能正吃着日本禁食的有毒食物。真的。你们大多数人都听说过有一阵子， 马肉在欧洲被假装成牛肉放在汉堡的肉饼里吧？你们听说过。你们不知道的是， 这些假肉饼很大一部分都被镉污染了， 而镉能损害你的肾脏。这是在欧洲。你们很多人都知道飞机事故， 也担心飞机失事，因为不时地，有一些飞机失事 的新闻会触动你们的神经。但我打赌你们不知道，曾经一次调查就揭发了 美国航空供应链里的一百万个造假事件。
08:02
So this is a global problem, full stop.It's a global problem.The only reason we are not addressing it with the urgency it deservesis that the best solutions,the most advanced solutions, the most progressive solutions,are, unfortunately, in parts of the world where solutions don't scale.And that is why it is not surprisingthat attempts to create this same verification models for pharmaceuticalsare now a decade behind in the USA and Europe,while it's already available in Nigeria.A decade, and costing a hundred times more.And that is why, when you walk into a Walgreens in New York,you cannot check the source of your medicine,but you can in Maiduguri in Northern Nigeria.That is the reality.
所以，这是一个全球性的问题， 不接受反驳。这是个全世界的问题。我们没有抓紧着手 解决它的唯一原因，就是那些最好的解决办法、最先进的办法和最进步的办法，不幸地存在于这些办法 无法大规模实施的地区。也正因如此，美国和欧洲的药物验证模式 要落后十年并不令人惊讶，而这样一种模式在尼日利亚都已经成型了。落后十年， 而且多花一百倍的钱不止。所以，当你走进一家纽约 的全国连锁药店，你是查不到药物的来源的，但在北尼日利亚的 梅杜古里(Maiduguri)，你查得到。这是事实。
08:39
(Applause)
（掌声）
08:40
That is the reality.
这是事实。
08:41
(Applause)
（掌声）
08:44
So we go back to the issue of ideas.Remember, solutions are merely packaged ideas,so it is the ideas that are most important.In a world where we marginalize the ideas of the Global South,we cannot create globally inclusive problem-solving models.Now, you might say, "Well, that's bad,but in such a world where we have so many other problems,do we need another cause?"I say yes, we need another cause.Actually, that cause will surprise you: the cause of intellectual justice.You say, "What? Intellectual justice? In a world of human rights abuses?"And I explain this way:all the solutions to the other problems that affect us and confront usneed solutions.So you need the best ideas to address them.And that is why today I ask you,can we all give it one time for intellectual justice?
我们回到创意的问题上来。记住，办法只是被包装的创意，所以创意才是最重要的。在一个我们把南半球的创意 边缘化的世界里，我们创造不出全球通用的 问题解决模型。这时候，你可能会说， “那挺糟的，但是在这样一个还有着 其它许多问题的世界里，我们需要另一个事业吗？”我会说是的，我们需要。事实上，这个事业会让你惊讶： 智力公正的事业。你说，“什么？智力公正？ 在一个人权遭到迫害的世界？”我会这么解释：我们面临的一切问题都需要解决办法。所以， 你需要最好的创意去解决它们。因此，我今天在这里请求各位，能否给智力公正一次机会？
09:33
(Applause)
（掌声）
