演讲MP3+双语文稿:量子计算的初学者指南
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:量子计算的初学者指南，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Shohini Ghose
肖希尼·戈斯，量子物理学家，她探索了原子和光子的奇异量子世界，以理解宇宙的基本定律，并利用它们进行量子计算和通信——并致力于让科学对所有性别和背景的人都具有可及性和包容性。
【演讲主题】量子计算的初学者指南
【中英文字幕】
翻译者 Wanna Shi 校对者 LipengChen
00:12
Let's play a game. Imagine that you are inLas Vegas, in a casino, and you decide to play a game on one of the casino'scomputers, just like you might play solitaire or chess. The computer can makemoves in the game, just like a human player. This is a coin game. It startswith a coin showing heads, and the computer will play first. It can choose toflip the coin or not, but you don't get to see the outcome. Next, it's yourturn. You can also choose to flip the coin or not, and your move will not berevealed to your opponent, the computer. Finally, the computer plays again, andcan flip the coin or not, and after these three rounds, the coin is revealed,and if it is heads, the computer wins, if it's tails, you win.
我们来玩个游戏。假设你现在在拉斯维加斯的一个赌场里，而且你决定要在赌场内的某台电脑上玩游戏，你可能会玩纸牌或者象棋。电脑能像真人玩家一样，在游戏中出牌或走棋。
01:06
So it's a pretty simple game, and ifeverybody plays honestly, and the coin is fair, then you have a 50 percentchance of winning this game. And to confirm that, I asked my students to playthis game on our computers, and after many, many tries, their winning rateended up being 50 percent, or close to 50 percent, as expected. Sounds like aboring game, right?
这是一个硬币游戏。首先，一个硬币正面朝上，电脑会先开始玩。电脑可以选择把硬币翻过来或者不翻，但是你看不到结果。接下来就轮到你了。你也可以选择把硬币翻过来或者不翻，而你的选择不会被透露给你的对手（电脑）。接下来，又轮到电脑做选择：把硬币翻过来或者不翻。三轮过后，硬币的朝向会被揭晓。如果正面朝上，那电脑就赢了；如果反面朝上，那你就赢了。
01:30
But what if you could play this game on aquantum computer? Now, Las Vegas casinos do not have quantum computers, as faras I know, but IBM has built a wong quantum computer. Here it is.
这是一个非常简单的游戏，如果每个人都老实参与游戏，而且硬币也是质地均匀的，那你赢得这场游戏的概率是50%。为了确认这一点，我让我的学生在我们的电脑上玩了这个游戏。尝试了很多很多次之后，他们的获胜率恰巧为50% 或者接近50%，意料之中。
01:44
But what is a quantum computer? Well,quantum physics describes the behavior of atoms and fundamental particles, likeelectrons and photons. So a quantum computer operates by controlling thebehavior of these particles, but in a way that is completely different from ourregular computers. So a quantum computer is not just a more powerful version ofour current computers, just like a light bulb is not a more powerful candle.You cannot build a light bulb by building better and better candles. A lightbulb is a different technology, based on deeper scientific understanding.Similarly, a quantum computer is a new kind of device, based on the science ofquantum physics, and just like a light bulb transformed society, quantumcomputers have the potential to impact so many aspects of our lives, includingour security needs, our health care and even the internet.
这个游戏听起来有些无聊，是吧？但是，如果你能在量子计算机上玩这个游戏，那会怎样呢？目前，据我所知，拉斯维加斯的赌场并没有量子计算机，不过IBM已经制造了一台可以正常运行的量子计算机。就是这台。什么是量子计算机呢？量子力学研究 原子和基本粒子，如电子、光子的 运动规律。量子计算机通过 控制这些粒子的运动 来实现运行，但其运行方式 与普通电脑截然不同。量子计算机可不只是 现有电脑的加强版，就像电灯泡不是 蜡烛的加强版一样。即使你不断地改良蜡烛，也做不出电灯泡。电灯泡需要完全不同的技术，基于更深层次的科学认识。同样，量子计算机是一种基于量子力学的全新设备； 就像电灯泡带来了社会变革，量子计算机也很可能 会影响人类生活的方方面面，如安全需求、卫生保健、 甚至是互联网。
02:42
So companies all around the world arewong to build these devices, and to see what the excitement is all about,let's play our game on a quantum computer. So I can log into IBM's quantumcomputer from right here, which means I can play the game remotely, and so canyou. To make this happen, you may remember getting an email ahead of time, fromTED, asking you whether you would choose to flip the coin or not, if you playedthe game. Well, actually, we asked you to choose between a circle or a square.You didn't know it, but your choice of circle meant "flip the coin,"and your choice of square was "don't flip." We received 372responses. Thank you. That means we can play 372 games against the quantumcomputer using your choices. And it's a pretty fast game to play, so I can showyou the results right here.
因此，全球数家公司正在研发量子计算机，量子计算机究竟为何让我们如此激动？我们在量子计算机上玩个游戏看看。我可以就地登入 IBM的量子计算机，也就是说，我可以远程玩游戏，你也可以。首先，要记得提前从TED获得一个邮箱，你参与游戏的话，邮箱信息会问你是否要翻转硬币。实际上，我们会问你要选圆圈还是方块。你事先并不知道，不过你选圆圈就是要把硬币翻面，你选方块就是不翻面。我们收到了372条回复。在此要谢谢大家的参与。这意味着我们可以用你们的选择跟量子计算机玩372把游戏。这个游戏很快就能结束，我现在就可以给你们看结果。
03:40
Unfortunately, you didn't do very well.
不幸的是，你们运气不太好。
03:42
（Laughter）
（笑声）
03:44
The quantum computer won almost every game.It lost a few only because of operational errors in the computer.
量子计算机在每轮游戏中基本都会赢。只输了几把，而这是计算机自身的操作错误造成的。
03:51
（Laughter）
（笑声）
03:53
So how did it achieve this amazing winningstreak? It seems like magic or cheating, but actually, it's just quantumphysics in action. Here's how it works. A regular computer simulates heads ortails of a coin as a bit, a zero or a one, or a current flipping on and offinside your computer chip. A quantum computer is completely different. Aquantum bit has a more fluid, nonbinary identity. It can exist in asuperposition, or a combination of zero and one, with some probability of beingzero and some probability of being one. In other words, its identity is on aspectrum. For example, it could have a 70 percent chance of being zero and a 30percent chance of being one or 80-20 or 60-40. The possibilities are endless.The key idea here is that we have to give up on precise values of zero and oneand allow for some uncertainty. So during the game, the quantum computercreates this fluid combination of heads and tails, zero and one, so that nomatter what the player does, flip or no flip, the superposition remains intact.It's kind of like stirring a mixture of two fluids. Whether or not you stir,the fluids remain in a mixture, but in its final move, the quantum computer canunmix the zero and one, perfectly recovering heads so that you lose every time.
那么，量子计算机怎么能够如此惊人的接连获胜呢？看起来像是魔术或作弊一样，但实际上，这是因为量子力学在发挥作用。操作如下：普通计算机用比特模仿硬币的正面或反面，即0或者1，或是用电脑芯片内的电流供断来模仿。量子计算机则全然不同。量子比特更易变，具有非二进制特性，能以0和1叠加，或者说组合的形式存在，有可能为0，有可能为1。换句话说，其特性处于一个范围内。比如说，它有70%的可能性是0，和30%的可能性是1，也可能是八二分或六四分，，有无穷的可能性。关键是我们需要放弃绝对的0和1，接受一些不确定性。所以在玩游戏时，量子计算机创造了正面和反面，即0和1的易变组合。所以不论玩家怎么选，将硬币翻面与否，叠加均不受影响。就像是搅拌两种液体的混合物。不论你搅拌与否，两种液体仍在混合物中，但是在最后一步，量子计算机可以把混合的0和1分开，让硬币正面朝上，所以你每次都赢不了。
05:32
（Laughter）
（笑声）
05:34
If you think this is all a bit weird, youare absolutely right. Regular coins do not exist in combinations of heads andtails. We do not experience this fluid quantum reality in our everyday lives.So if you are confused by quantum, don't worry, you're getting it.
如果你觉得这很奇怪，那就对了。普通硬币并没有两面同时朝上这种状态。我们在日常生活中也从未经历过这种不确定的量子实际状态。所以如果你对量子感到困惑，不用担心，你终究会明白的。
05:53
（Laughter）
（笑声）
05:56
But even though we don't experience quantumstrangeness, we can see its very real effects in action. You've seen the datafor yourself. The quantum computer won because it harnessed superposition anduncertainty, and these quantum properties are powerful, not just to win coingames, but also to build future quantum technologies. So let me give you threeexamples of potential applications that could change our lives.
不过即便我们没有见识过量子的奇特之处，我们还是能看到其实实在在的影响。你们也亲眼看到游戏结果了。量子计算机赢了，因为量子计算机利用了叠加和不确定性，而这些量子特性非常强大。不仅仅能在硬币游戏中获胜，也能创造未来的量子技术。量子技术的潜在应用能够改变我们的生活，我来举三个例子。
06:27
First of all, quantum uncertainty could beused to create private keys for encrypting messages sent from one location toanother so that hackers could not secretly copy the key perfectly, because ofquantum uncertainty. They would have to break the laws of quantum physics tohack the key. So this kind of unbreakable encryption is already being tested bybanks and other institutions worldwide. Today, we use more than 17 billionconnected devices globally. Just imagine the impact quantum encryption couldhave in the future.
|首先，量子不确定性 可以用来创造私钥，将从一个地方发到 另一个地方的信息加密，这样黑客就不能偷偷 完全复制这个私钥了，就是因为量子具有不确定性。要想获得私钥，黑客得先打破量子力学法则。目前全球银行和其他机构已经在测试这种无法破解的加密方法了。当前，全球的联网设备多达170亿台。大家可以试想一下量子加密在未来的影响力会有多大。
07:08
Secondly, quantum technologies could alsotransform health care and medicine. For example, the design and analysis ofmolecules for drug development is a challenging problem today, and that'sbecause exactly describing and calculating all of the quantum properties of allthe atoms in the molecule is a computationally difficult task, even for oursupercomputers. But a quantum computer could do better, because it operatesusing the same quantum properties as the molecule it's trying to simulate. Sofuture large-scale quantum simulations for drug development could perhaps leadto treatments for diseases like Alzheimer's, which affects thousands of lives.
其次，量子技术也能改变医疗保健和医药行业。比如，在药物研发过程中设计和分析分子 迄今仍是一个极具挑战的难题，因为要准确描述和计算 分子中所有原子的 所有量子特性，从计算角度而言是一个极难的任务，对于我们的超级计算机而言也不例外。但是量子计算机更胜一筹，因为量子计算机运行时运用了与其试图模拟的分子相同的量子特性。所以在未来的药物研发中，大规模量子模拟或许有助于治疗 影响成千上万人的疾病，如阿尔兹海默症。
07:54
And thirdly, my favorite quantumapplication is teleportation of information from one location to anotherwithout physically transmitting the information. Sounds like sci-fi, but it ispossible, because these fluid identities of the quantum particles can getentangled across space and time in such a way that when you change somethingabout one particle, it can impact the other, and that creates a channel forteleportation. It's already been demonstrated in research labs and could bepart of a future quantum internet. We don't have such a network as yet, but myteam is wong on these possibilities, by simulating a quantum network on aquantum computer. So we have designed and implemented some interesting newprotocols such as teleportation among different users in the network andefficient data transmission and even secure voting.
第三，我个人最喜欢的量子应用是量子瞬移，即将信息从一个地点传送到另一个地点，而不需要实际的传播途径。听起来就像科幻小说，但这是可能实现的，因为这些量子粒子的易变特性能跨越时空发生纠缠，这样你更改一个粒子的某些东西时，也会影响另一个粒子，这就创造出了量子瞬移通道。研究实验室已经就此进行了证实，这将构成未来量子网络的一部分。我们现在还没有这样的网络，不过我的团队正在为了这些可能性而努力，在量子计算机上模拟量子网络。我们设计实施了一些有趣的新网络协议，如不同网络用户间的量子瞬移和高效数据传输，甚至还包括安全投票。
08:56
So it's a lot of fun for me, being aquantum physicist. I highly recommend it.
当一名量子物理学家，我觉得很好玩，也极力推荐大家跟随我的脚步。
09:00
（Laughter）
（笑声）
09:02
We get to be explorers in a quantumwonderland. Who knows what applications we will discover next. We must treadcarefully and responsibly as we build our quantum future. And for me,personally, I don't see quantum physics as a tool just to build quantum computers.I see quantum computers as a way for us to probe the mysteries of nature andreveal more about this hidden world outside of our experiences. How amazingthat we humans, with our relatively limited access to the universe, can stillsee far beyond our horizons just using our imagination and our ingenuity. Andthe universe rewards us by showing us how incredibly interesting and surprisingit is.
|让我们一同探索神奇的量子世界。谁知道接下来我们又会 发现什么样的应用呢？ 打造量子未来时，我们务必要谨慎负责。就我个人而言，我并不只把量子力学当做是制造量子计算机的工具，而是将使用量子计算机视作探索自然奥秘、揭示未知世界的方法。人类是多么的伟大，虽然我们了解浩瀚宇宙的渠道有限，但是凭我们的想象力与创造力，我们能够不断拓宽视野。而浩瀚的宇宙会也会回报我们，向我们展示它有趣又惊艳的一面。
09:49
The future is fundamentally uncertain, andto me, that is certainly exciting.
|从根本上来说，未来具有不确定性； 对我来说，这着实激动人心。
09:56
Thank you.
谢谢大家。
09:57
（Applause）
（掌声）
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