演讲MP3+双语文稿:历届总统的教训
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:历届总统的教训，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Doris Kearns Goodwin 史学家
DorisKainGoodwin 撰写了关于美国总统任期的见解深刻的著作(JFK、LBJ、FDR和Lincoln，迄今为止)，在历史背景下讲述了每一位总统的个人故事。
【演讲主题】历届总统的教训
【中英文字幕】
翻译者 文娟 吕 校对者 tian zeng
00:00
So, indeed, I have spent my life looking into the lives of presidents who are no longer alive. Waking up with Abraham Lincoln in the morning, thinking of Franklin Roosevelt when I went to bed at night. But when I try and think about what I've learned about the meaning in life, my mind keeps wandering back to a seminar that I took when I was a graduate student at Harvard with the great psychologist Erik Erikson.
嗯，实际上，我用了毕生的精力 来研究那些已经离我们远去的总统们的生活 早晨起来，我会想到亚伯拉罕·林肯 晚上睡觉还会想到富兰克林·罗斯福 但每当我尽力去思考生命的意义时 我的思绪又总会回到 曾经在哈弗大学做本科生时参加的一次研讨会 那时我还和著名的心理学家埃里克·埃里克森一起
00:22
He taught us that the richest and fullest lives attempt to achieve an inner balance between three realms: work, love and play. And that to pursue one realm to the disregard of the other, is to open oneself to ultimate sadness in older age. Whereas to pursue all three with equal dedication, is to make possible a life filled not only with achievement, but with serenity.
他教育我们说最丰富而又充实的生命 在于达到3个方面的平衡 工作，爱情和娱乐 若只追求一方面而无视其它 会让人们年老时感到无比的悲伤 然而，若能达到三者间的平衡 就会让生命充实，而你得到的将不仅仅是成就 还有内心祥和、安宁
00:45
So since I tell stories, let me look back on the lives of two of the presidents I've studied to illustrate this point -- Abraham Lincoln and Lyndon Johnson. As for that first sphere of work, I think what Abraham Lincoln's life suggests is that fierce ambition is a good thing. He had a huge ambition. But it wasn't simply for office or power or celebrity or fame -- what it was for was to accomplish something worthy enough in life so that he could make the world a little better place for his having lived in it.
既然是讲故事，我们先来回顾一下 两位总统的生命历程，来证明我的观点 他们是亚伯拉罕·林肯和林登·约翰逊 那么第一方面--工作 林肯的生活告诉我们 人要有大志向 林肯志向远大 但并不仅仅为了获取权力、地位或名誉 他追求的是给生命带来意义的东西 使周围的世界更加美好
01:17
Even as a child, it seemed, Lincoln dreamed heroic dreams. He somehow had to escape that hard-scrabble farm from which he was born. No schooling was possible for him, except a few weeks here, a few weeks there. But he read books in every spare moment he could find. It was said when he got a copy of the King James Bible or "Aesop's Fables," he was so excited he couldn't sleep. He couldn't eat. The great poet Emily Dickinson once said, "There is no frigate like a book to take us lands away." How true for Lincoln.
甚至在林肯还是个孩子的时候，就梦想成为英雄 他必须从那乱糟糟的农场里逃脱出来 在那个地方 上学是不可能的 读书也就是断断续续的旁听而已 但是他一有时间就会读书 据说，有次他拿到一本詹姆斯王圣经 也就是人们说的“伊索寓言”的时候 兴奋的废寝忘食 伟大的诗人埃米莉·狄金森曾经说过，没有什么能像书一样让我们爱不释手 林肯就是这样的
01:45
Though he never would travel to Europe, he went with Shakespeare's kings to merry England, he went with Lord Byron's poetry to Spain and Portugal. Literature allowed him to transcend his surroundings. But there were so many losses in his early life that he was haunted by death. His mother died when he was only nine years old; his only sister, Sarah, in childbirth a few years later; and his first love, Ann Rutledge, at the age of 22. Moreover, when his mother lay dying, she did not hold out for him the hope that they would meet in an afterworld. She simply said to him, "Abraham, I'm going away from you now, and I shall never return." As a result he became obsessed with the thought that when we die our life is swept away -- dust to dust.
尽管他没有去过欧洲 但是他可以和莎士比亚一起游历英伦 还在拜伦的诗歌长河里穿越西班牙和葡萄牙 文学作品让他超越了环境的束缚 林肯在早年经历了许多挫折 周围的亲人相继死去 在他只有九岁的时候，母亲去世了。他唯一的姐姐莎拉几年后因难产死亡 还有他的初恋爱人安·拉特利奇22岁也死了 还有，他母亲在垂死之时 她并没有拥抱林肯说 希望他们来世可以再见面 她只是对他说 “亚伯拉罕，现在我要离你远去，再也不会回来了。” 从那时起，他开始执迷地认为 人们死后，生命就此消逝，无影无踪
02:25
But only as he grew older did he develop a certain consolation from an ancient Greek notion -- but followed by other cultures as well -- that if you could accomplish something worthy in your life, you could live on in the memory of others. Your honor and your reputation would outlive your earthly existence. And that worthy ambition became his lodestar. It carried him through the one significant depression that he suffered when he was in his early 30s.
后来随着慢慢长大，他才 在古希腊思想的影响下得到一些慰藉 当然还受到其它文化影响 他意识到如果人们能够追求到令生命意义的东西 你就可以被后人铭记 荣耀和名誉就也会比人的躯体更长久的留存 这一志向变成了林肯的座右铭 伴随着他度过了生命中最艰难的时期 那是在他30出头的时候
02:51
Three things had combined to lay him low. He had broken his engagement with Mary Todd, not certain he was ready to marry her, but knowing how devastating it was to her that he did that. His one intimate friend, Joshua Speed, was leaving Illinois to go back to Kentucky because Speed's father had died. And his political career in the state legislature was on a downward slide. He was so depressed that friends worried he was suicidal. They took all knives and razors and scissors from his room. And his great friend Speed went to his side and said, "Lincoln, you must rally or you will die." He said that, "I would just as soon die right now, but I've not yet done anything to make any human being remember that I have lived."
三件事让他情绪低落 他和玛莉·托德解除了婚约 因为不确定自己要娶她 但他明白他的行为对于她来说是多么的残酷 还有就是他一个最好的朋友约书亚·斯皮得要离开伊利诺伊州 回到肯塔基州，因为斯皮得的父亲去世了。还有他在州议会的政治前途 越走越黯淡 朋友们担心他会自杀 把他房里所有的小刀，刮胡刀还有剪刀都拿走 后来他的好朋友斯皮得来到身边对他说 "林肯，你要振作，不然你就是死路一条。” 他反说，“其实我现在就可以死 但是我还没有做过什么事能让人们 记得我存在过。”
03:29
So fueled by that ambition, he returned to the state legislature. He eventually won a seat in Congress. He then ran twice for the Senate, lost twice. "Everyone is broken by life," Ernest Hemingway once said, "but some people are stronger in the broken places." So then he surprised the nation with an upset victory for the presidency over three far more experienced, far more educated, far more celebrated rivals. And then when he won the general election, he stunned the nation even more by appointing each of these three rivals into his Cabinet. It was an unprecedented act at the time because everybody thought, "He'll look like a figurehead compared to these people." They said, "Why are you doing this, Lincoln?" He said, "Look, these are the strongest and most able men in the country. The country is in peril. I need them by my side." But perhaps my old friend Lyndon Johnson might have put it in less noble fashion: "Better to have your enemies inside the tent pissing out, than outside the tent pissing in." (Laughter)
他的壮志让他重燃激情，他回到了州议会 最终在国会赢得一张席位 后来他两次竞选议员，两次都以失败告终 海明威曾经说过：“每个人都会经历生活磨练。有些人即使被折磨得体无完肤，也仍然坚强。” 他竞选总统的成功震惊了整个国家 也战胜了比他更有经验，更有教育背景和名望的对手 然而在他真正成为总统的时候 又给民众更大的震惊 他分别任命了3位竞选对手成为他的内阁成员 在当时这种做法是前无古人的，因为人人都认为 “和其他人相比，林肯不过是有名无实之辈。” 他们说，“林肯，你为什么要这么做？” 他回答说，“这些人都是这个国家最强悍 最有能力的人。我们的国家处在危急之中，我需要他们在我身边。” 但是，也许我的老朋友林登·约翰逊 用了一个更为通俗的方式来表达这个意思 让敌人在你的帐篷里对外撒尿 总比他们站在帐篷外往里面尿好 （笑声）
04:27
But it soon became clear that Abraham Lincoln would emerge as the undisputed captain of this unruly team. For each of them soon came to understand that he possessed an unparalleled array of emotional strengths and political skills that proved far more important than the thinness of his external résumé. For one thing, he possessed an uncanny ability to empathize with and to think about other peoples' point of view. He repaired injured feelings that might have escalated into permanent hostility. He shared credit with ease, assumed responsibility for the failure of his subordinates, constantly acknowledged his errors and learned from his mistakes. These are the qualities we should be looking for in our candidates in 2008. (Applause) He refused to be provoked by petty grievances. He never submitted to jealousy or brooded over perceived slights. And he expressed his unshakeable convictions in everyday language, in metaphors, in stories. And with a beauty of language -- almost as if the Shakespeare and the poetry he had so loved as a child had worked their way into his very soul.
但是事情很快变得明朗，林肯 不容置疑地出任了这个放纵不羁的团队的首领 因为每个人很快就意识到了 林肯身上很多无与伦比的 情感影响力和政治技巧 这些与他那薄薄的履历相比更为重要 首先，他有一种不寻常的能力 设身处地的为他人考虑 他修复那些受伤的心灵。以防那些心灵发展成 永久的敌对心理。他把功劳与人分享，对下属的错误勇于承担责任，他总能承认自己的错误并总结经验教训 这些都是我们希望在2008年的候选人身上找到的品质。（鼓掌） 他从不因为微不足道的事情发怒。他从不嫉妒别人或者因小事计较。然而他那不可动摇的信仰 渗透在日常的言谈，举止和经历中。语言的魅力，让他的表达几乎如同 孩提时他钟爱的莎士比亚的诗歌 一样完美
05:32
In 1863, when the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, he brought his old friend, Joshua Speed, back to the White House, and remembered that conversation of decades before, when he was so sad. And he, pointing to the Proclamation, said, "I believe, in this measure, my fondest hopes will be realized." But as he was about to put his signature on the Proclamation his own hand was numb and shaking because he had shaken a thousand hands that morning at a New Year's reception. So he put the pen down. He said, "If ever my soul were in an act, it is in this act. But if I sign with a shaking hand, posterity will say, 'He hesitated.'" So he waited until he could take up the pen and sign with a bold and clear hand. But even in his wildest dreams, Lincoln could never have imagined how far his reputation would reach.
1863年，解放黑人奴隶宣言颁布，他让老朋友约书亚·斯皮得重回白宫。他想起了几十年前最艰难时候他们之间的对话 林肯指着那个宣言说，“我通过它，我最热切的希望就可以实现了。” 但是，当他正要在宣言上签字的时候，他的手麻木了，不停地颤抖 因为在那天早上的招待会上他已经握了一千次手。于是他把笔放下。说： “如果说我的灵魂存在于某个法案中，那就是这个法案。但是如果我用颤抖的手在上面签字的话，我们的后代会说：‘我犹豫了。’” 所以，他一直等到手不再颤抖才拿起笔 签上了坚定而清晰地一笔。但是即使是在他最大胆的梦想里，林肯也没有想到过 他声名远扬的程度。
06:15
I was so thrilled to find an interview with the great Russian writer, Leo Tolstoy, in a New York newspaper in the early 1900s. And in it, Tolstoy told of a trip that he'd recently made to a very remote area of the Caucasus, where there were only wild barbarians, who had never left this part of Russia. Knowing that Tolstoy was in their midst, they asked him to tell stories of the great men of history. So he said, "I told them about Napoleon and Alexander the Great and Frederick the Great and Julius Caesar, and they loved it. But before I finished, the chief of the barbarians stood up and said, 'But wait, you haven't told us about the greatest ruler of them all. We want to hear about that man who spoke with a voice of thunder, who laughed like the sunrise, who came from that place called America, which is so far from here, that if a young man should travel there, he would be an old man when he arrived. Tell us of that man. Tell us of Abraham Lincoln.'" He was stunned. He told them everything he could about Lincoln. And then in the interview he said, "What made Lincoln so great? Not as great a general as Napoleon, not as great a statesman as Frederick the Great." But his greatness consisted, and historians would roundly agree, in the integrity of his character and the moral fiber of his being.
我很惊讶地发现了一份20世纪早期，伟大的俄国作家 列夫托尔斯泰被纽约一份报纸采访时的记录。在采访中，托尔斯泰提到了他最近一次 去高加索的一个非常偏远的地区的旅行 那里都全是些落后的村民，他们从来没有离开过俄罗斯的这一地区。当他们知道托尔斯泰来到那里后，就请他讲述历史上伟人的故事。托尔斯泰说：“我给他们讲拿破仑，亚历山大大帝和腓特烈大帝 还有凯撒的故事，他们非常喜欢。但是在我将要结束之前，村民的首领站起来说： “且慢，你还没有给我们讲最伟大的统治者。我们想听那个人的故事，他讲话声音震耳欲聋； 笑起来如旭日东升； 他来自一个遥远的地方叫做美国。如果一个年轻人想要到达那里，要用一辈子的时间才能走到。给我们讲这个人的故事。给我们讲亚伯拉罕·林肯的故事。’” 托尔斯泰震惊了 他把所有他知道的关于林肯的事都告诉了他们。之后在这次采访中他说：“是什么让林肯如此伟大？ （他的伟大）既不是拿破仑大将的军式伟大，也不是政治家腓特烈大帝式的伟大。然而，所有的历史学家都会肯定这一说法，他的伟大存在于 他性格中的真诚、正直 和他与生俱来的道德情操。
07:22
So in the end that powerful ambition that had carried Lincoln through his bleak childhood had been realized. That ambition that had allowed him to laboriously educate himself by himself, to go through that string of political failures and the darkest days of the war. His story would be told. So as for that second sphere, not of work, but of love -- encompassing family, friends and colleagues -- it, too, takes work and commitment. The Lyndon Johnson that I saw in the last years of his life, when I helped him on his memoirs, was a man who had spent so many years in the pursuit of work, power and individual success, that he had absolutely no psychic or emotional resources left to get him through the days once the presidency was gone.
所以最后他的雄心壮志 那些曾经激励他走过悲惨童年的梦想终于实现了。这一梦想让他发奋图强 并且鼓励他在一连串的政治失败 和战争的黑暗中振作起来。他的故事应该被传颂。现在我们来讲第二方面，感情生活 人们围绕着家人，朋友和同事，也需要经营和承诺 我看到晚年的林登·约翰逊，那时候我帮他写回忆录。他是多年来一直追求 工作，权力和个人成功的人。他几乎没有留下任何心灵或者感情上的财富 来帮他度过 那段不再是总统的时光。
08:05
My relationship with him began on a rather curious level. I was selected as a White House Fellow when I was 24 years old. We had a big dance at the White House. President Johnson did dance with me that night. Not that peculiar -- there were only three women out of the 16 White House Fellows. But he did whisper in my ear that he wanted me to work directly for him in the White House. But it was not to be that simple. For in the months leading up to my selection, like many young people, I'd been active in the anti-Vietnam War movement, and had written an article against Lyndon Johnson, which unfortunately came out in The New Republic two days after the dance in the White House. (Laugher) And the theme of the article was how to remove Lyndon Johnson from power. (Laughter) So I was certain he would kick me out of the program. But instead, surprisingly, he said, "Oh, bring her down here for a year, and if I can't win her over, no one can." So I did end up working for him in the White House. Eventually accompanied him to his ranch to help him on those memoirs, never fully understanding why he'd chosen me to spend so many hours with.
我和他的关系开始于一段不寻常的经历。我24岁时被选为白宫学者。我们在白宫里举行了一个大型舞会。约翰逊总统那天晚上的确和我跳舞了 其实没有我想象的那么不寻常，那时白宫的16位学者中只有3位女士。但是他也的确在我的耳边低语说，他希望我在白宫里直接为他工作。但是事情没有那么简单。因为在往后的选举岁月里，我就像众多的年轻人一样，积极参与到了反对越南战争的运动中，并且还写了一篇反对林登·约翰逊的文章，不幸的是，这篇文章出版在了《新共和》上，而这仅仅发生在白宫舞会的2天之后。（笑） 那篇文章的主题是讲如何让林登·约翰逊下台。（笑） 所以当时我坚信他会把我从白宫赶出来。但出乎意料的是，他说：“ 哦，让她在这里工作一年，如果我不能令她信服，别人也不能。” 所以最后我还是在白宫里为他效力。最后我们一起去了他的农场写回忆录 最终也没能弄明白为什么他会选择与我共度那么多的时光。
08:59
I like to believe it was because I was a good listener. He was a great storyteller. Fabulous, colorful, anecdotal stories. There was a problem with these stories, however, which I later discovered, which is that half of them weren't true. But they were great, nonetheless. (Laughter) So I think that part of his attraction for me was that I loved listening to his tall tales. But I also worried that part of it was that I was then a young woman. And he had somewhat of a minor league womanizing reputation. So I constantly chatted to him about boyfriends, even when I didn't have any at all.
我倒是愿意相信那是因为我善于倾听。他是个讲故事的高手。他会讲很多非常有意思的奇闻轶事。当然这些故事也存在一些瑕疵，我后来才发现，那些故事有一半的情节是虚构的。但是不管怎么说，讲的时候感觉很好。（笑） 因此我觉得他之所以能吸引我，部分原因是我喜欢听他讲故事。但是我也担心另外的原因--那时候我还是一个女孩子。而且他似乎还有些沾花惹草的名声。所以，我经常跟他聊男朋友的事情，尽管那时候我还没有男朋友。
09:27
Everything was working perfectly, until one day he said he wanted to discuss our relationship. Sounded very ominous when he took me nearby to the lake, conveniently called Lake Lyndon Baines Johnson. And there was wine and cheese and a red-checked tablecloth -- all the romantic trappings. And he started out, "Doris, more than any other woman I have ever known ... " And my heart sank. And then he said, "You remind me of my mother." (Laughter)
我的工作进展得很顺利，直到有一天，他说他想跟我聊聊我们之间的关系。他带我去了湖边，我感觉有些不妙，那个湖叫做林登·贝恩斯·约翰逊湖。还有红酒，奶酪和红格子桌布，都是些很有浪漫情调饰品。他开始对我说 “多丽丝，你比我所认识的所有女人都......” 我的心沉了下来。然后他接着说： “你让我想起了我的妈妈。” （笑）
09:49
It was pretty embarrassing, given what was going on in my mind. But I must say, the older I've gotten, the more I realize what an incredible privilege it was to have spent so many hours with this aging lion of a man. A victor in a thousand contests, three great civil rights laws, Medicare, aid to education. And yet, roundly defeated in the end by the war in Vietnam. And because he was so sad and so vulnerable, he opened up to me in ways he never would have had I known him at the height of his power -- sharing his fears, his sorrows and his worries. And I'd like to believe that the privilege fired within me the drive to understand the inner person behind the public figure, that I've tried to bring to each of my books since then.
想到当时我脑子里想的东西，是在是太难为情了。但是我要说，随着年龄的增长，我更加识到这是一个怎样的荣幸，我有幸和这个男人中的王者共度了那么多时光。他在上千次的竞争中取胜，成功颁布三个伟大的民权法案，保健医疗法案，教育支援法案。最后却因越南战争被打得一派涂地。他为此非常悲伤并变得脆弱，他以从来不曾有过的方式向我倾诉 一个如此官高权重的人 和我分享他的恐惧、悲伤和忧虑 我相信是这份荣幸让我欲罢不能。促使我去了解公众人物背后的内心世界，把我的感受写进书里。
10:31
But it also brought home to me the lessons which Erik Erikson had tried to instill in all of us about the importance of finding balance in life. For on the surface, Lyndon Johnson should have had everything in the world to feel good about in those last years, in the sense that he had been elected to the presidency; he had all the money he needed to pursue any leisure activity he wanted; he owned a spacious ranch in the countryside, a penthouse in the city, sailboats, speedboats. He had servants to answer any whim, and he had a family who loved him deeply.
它也让我清楚地明白 艾瑞克·埃克森曾试图向我们讲述的道理，--在生命中寻找平衡的重要性。因为，在表面上，林登·约翰逊本应该 在他最后几年里拥有世间一切可以让他感觉良好的东西。他曾经被选举为总统。他有足够的金钱去挥霍 他想要的任何东西。他在乡村拥有一块广阔的农场，在城市还有一栋阁楼，有很多帆船及快艇。有侍者对他言听计从，还有非常爱他的家人。
11:02
And yet, years of concentration solely on work and individual success meant that in his retirement he could find no solace in family, in recreation, in sports or in hobbies. It was almost as if the hole in his heart was so large that even the love of a family, without work, could not fill it. As his spirits sagged, his body deteriorated until, I believe, he slowly brought about his own death. In those last years, he said he was so sad watching the American people look toward a new president and forgetting him. He spoke with immense sadness in his voice, saying maybe he should have spent more time with his children, and their children in turn. But it was too late. Despite all that power, all that wealth, he was alone when he finally died -- his ultimate terror realized.
但是，几多年的专心于工作和追求个人成功 意味着当他退休之后，他就不能在 家庭，娱乐，体育和兴趣方面找到安慰。就像在他的心里有个很大的洞 以至于没有了工作的充实，即使家人的爱也不能将它填满。他的精神变得无比空虚，身体状况也每况愈下 直到后来慢慢死去 在后来的这些年里，他说他很悲伤 因为看到那么多的美国人满心期待新总统的出现而将他遗忘。他说话时声音里满是悲伤，说也许他本应该花更多的时间跟孩子们一起，和孩子的孩子们在一起。但这一切都已经晚了。尽管他获得了那么大的权力，那么多的财富，到最后还是孤独地死去 他最害怕的事情还是出现了。
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