演讲MP3+双语文稿:肠道微生物如何影响你的终身健康？
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:肠道微生物如何影响你的终身健康？，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Henna Maria Uusitupa
微生物组研究人员，研究了创新的解决方案，以减少婴儿可能由于微生物群发育中断而产生的健康风险。
【演讲主题】你与生俱来的肠道微生物 如何影响你的终身健康？
【中英文字幕】
Translated by Lipeng Chen. Reviewed by Yolanda Zhang.
00:14
Now, I know it might be easy to think thatmicrobes are bad, especially for infants, but research has in fact proven theopposite. And the truth might be a little bit more complex, but it's actuallyway more interesting. It seems that we need microbes to be programmed for goodhealth, but not just any microbes, we need the right combination. We succeedbest with the little microbial bodies we have adapted to coexist with duringevolution. And I guess it won't surprise you to learn that we start acquiringthat right combination right at birth. Well, at least some of us do.
我知道很容易去这么想，微生物不好，尤其是对婴儿来说，但是事实上，研究证明了相反的结果。事实可能更加复杂一些，但是也更加有趣。看上去我们需要微生物来为健康助力，但并不是任何微生物都可以，我们需要正确的组合。在进化过程中，我们适应的 与之共存的微生物（组合）是最佳的。我猜你们也不会惊讶于 我们从一出生之时就开始获寻那种正确的组合。至少我们中的一些人是这样的。
00:59
Babies born by C-section and babies bornvaginally aren't the same when it comes to microbial start to life, and afterbirth there are countless different early life events and circumstances thatfurther modulate the way the gut microbiota is developing, such as themedications that might be prescribed for the infant or the mother, number ofpets and siblings in the family, as well as level of hygiene at home, and, inthis case, it's actually better if it's not that perfectly clean all the time.And also nutrition, both mothers and infants. All of these events andcircumstances play a huge role in the gut microbial development and that has ahuge impact on the lifelong health of that baby.
剖腹产出生的婴儿和 顺产出生的婴儿 在出生时 拥有的微生物群是不一样的，出生后有数不清的 早期事件和环境因素 会进一步调整肠道菌群的发育，像是开给婴儿或是母亲的药物，家庭中宠物和兄弟姐妹的数量，以及居家的卫生水平，这种情况下，事实上 不总保持过分清洁反而是好事。还有母亲和婴儿的营养状况。所有这些事件和环境都在肠道菌群发育的过程中 扮演着重要的角色，也对婴儿的长远健康 产生着巨大的影响。
01:49
And I'm not talking about small healthimplications here. I'm talking about the big stuff. Microbes we acquire or donot acquire affect our likelihood of developing diseases like obesity, diabetesand even some cancers.
我讲的不是细微的健康影响。我讲的是很大的影响。我们获取或未获取的微生物 影响着我们得像是肥胖症、糖尿病、 甚至是一些癌症的概率。
02:06
Since many of these early life events Ijust listed are such that we cannot affect them, they are inevitable, forexample C-sections have been invented to save lives, and they do that daily,and most medications are prescribed for a valid reason, especially for infants,and so on. That is why we have to learn how to protect the health of thesebabies after the occurrence of such early life events that might disrupt theirgut microbiota development.
因为许多我刚刚列出的早期事件 是我们无法掌控的，因此这些事件不可避免，比如为了拯救生命发明出的剖腹产，每天都在发生，开大多数药物都有合理的理由，尤其对婴儿来说，等等。这就是为什么我们需要学习，在这些可能会扰乱婴儿肠道菌群发育的 早期人生事件发生之后，如何保护这些婴儿的健康。
02:39
I work as a researcher and as a technicallead of an infant health platform, and the question I'm trying to find a solutionto every day at work, and the same question I'm aiming to answer in this talk,is how can we make sure that all babies get the same shot at lifelong health,no matter how they're born or what early life events they encounter. Seems likea noble cause, right? Great. So let's figure this out.
我是一名研究人员，同时还是一个 婴儿健康平台的技术带头人。有一个我每天在工作中 试图解答的问题，同时也是我在这个演讲中 试图回答的问题，那就是，从长远来看，无论这些婴儿以什么样的出生方式或是在生命早期有什么样的经历，我们如何确保他们 在健康方面处于同一起跑线。听上去是很崇高的事业，对吧？ 很好。那么让我们来一起分析一下。
03:09
To begin, remember how I said that we needthe right combination of microbes? Well, to get that combination right, we needto receive those microbes that inhabit our bodies in a certain order. You canthink of it like a colonization march. The very early microbes that inhabit ourbodies first change the environment in the infant's gut so that the nextmicrobes are able to move in, kind of like the first invaders come in first andset up the infrastructure for the other settlers to build upon.
首先，还记得我说过 我们需要正确的微生物组合吗？ 要获得正确的组合，我们就需要以特定的顺序 来接收生活在 我们体内的微生物。我们可以将其看成一种殖民活动。最早进入我们身体的微生物改变了婴儿的肠道环境，这样下一批微生物才能进来，就有点像最早的殖民者 第一个到来，并为后来的人 搭建起一定的基础设施。
03:48
Now, if babies are born via C-section, thatearly phase of colonization is greatly altered, because instead of vaginal,fecal and skin bacteria of the mother, mainly only skin bacteria enter theinfant gut. And that sets that colonization march to a totally different tone,and simply because that's different to what we've adapted to during evolution,that might cause some health disadvantages for C-section-born babies later on.We can take weight development as an example here. It has been already shown inseveral studies that gut microbiota composition is associated to weight as wellas the likelihood of developing diseases like diabetes or cardiovasculardiseases. But now there are some indications that you could already at infancysee from a fecal sample of a baby some microbes missing from those individualswho will later on develop to be obese or overweight. It has also been shownthat those same microbes might be missing from babies who are born by C-sectionor who are predisposed to heavy loads of antibiotics in early life. And to kindof close this loop, it has also been shown in some research that babies born byC-section or are prescribed with many, many antibiotics early in life are morelikely to be obese or overweight, even by 50 percent, which is a lot.
如果婴儿是剖腹产出生的，那么他们体内早期的“殖民”阶段 就会被大大的改写，因为母亲的阴道、粪便和 皮肤上的细菌三者中，只有皮肤上的细菌 才会进入婴儿的肠道。这就给“殖民行军”设定了 完全不同的基调，仅仅是因为剖腹产和我们 通过进化所适应的方式（顺产）不同，这就可能会在将来为剖腹产出生的婴儿带来一些健康劣势。我们以体重的发展举例。数个研究已经显示 肠道菌群成分和体重 以及患上像是糖尿病，还有心血管疾病的概率 有着相关性。然而现在有些证据表明，你已经可以在婴儿时期，从婴儿的粪便样本中看出，将来会肥胖或超重的个体，他们的肠道内缺少一些微生物。还有证据表明，通过剖腹产出生的婴儿和在生命早期 接触大量抗生素的婴儿，体内同样也缺少这些微生物。除此之外，还有研究显示，通过剖腹产出生的婴儿 或是在生命早期 摄入大量抗生素的婴儿 变得肥胖或超重的概率要高出 50%，这是个很大的数字。
05:20
Now, I know you might be thinking at thispoint that, oh no, I just had a C-section or I was born via C-section or mychild had the antibiotics. But I want you to not worry. If these microbes aremissing or are lost for any reason, they can be acquired later, but the babyjust needs a little help with that.
我知道你们可能现在在想，哦不好，我刚刚接受了剖腹产，或是我是剖腹产出生的，或是我的孩子摄入了抗生素。但是我希望你们不要担心。如果这些微生物因为某些原因而缺失或是不见了，它们仍可以在将来被获取，只是这时婴儿需要一些帮助。
05:45
One thing that has already for some timebeen known to help is breastfeeding. Breast milk is kind of miraculous: inaddition to containing nutrients for the baby, it seems to contain food for thegood microbes as well.
一段时间以来已经为人所知的 一种方法就是母乳喂养。母乳真是神奇的东西： 除了帮婴儿维持营养供应，母乳还包含了给有益微生物的养分。
06:02
That's great for a breastfed baby, but weall know that all babies are not breastfed. So what could we do to ensure thatalso those babies who are not breastfed could restore their microbiotadevelopment after encountering those disruptive early life events that might disrupttheir gut microbiota development?
这对母乳喂养的婴儿来说太好了，但我们都知道不是所有的婴儿 都是母乳喂养的。那么我们可以做些什么，来确保没有母乳喂养的婴儿在遭受到可能会导致 肠道菌群发育紊乱的 干扰性生命早期事件之后，仍可以恢复他们的菌群发育呢？
06:24
And now we get to the actual solution partof this talk. The research in this field has been taking giant steps lately.First, it was understood that if there are some microbes missing, they can beingested. We call the good microbes, when they are ingested, probiotics, andprobiotics have been tested in several clinical trials during the years, alsoin infants, with great effects, such as reducing their risk of eczema later inlife.
现在我们到了这个演讲的 实际解决方案部分。最近，这个领域的研究 取得了巨大的进展。首先，人们发现 如果有些微生物缺失了，它们可以被摄入。我们称这些被摄入的有益微生物为益生菌，益生菌已经 在多年的临床试验中，包括婴儿身上，显示了不错的效果，比如降低将来患湿疹的风险。
06:56
Now, a second revolution was realized whenthe eyes of researchers were turned to breast milk. That was logical, as, likeI mentioned, it was already known that breastfeeding is able to support thehealthy development of gut microbiota. There were these particles in breast milkthat were found already in the 1930s called human milk oligosaccharides, buttheir function remained a mystery for decades and decades after their initialdiscovery. They were really puzzling for researchers, as they are reallyabundant in human milk. They are actually the third-largest group of solids,but they are not digestible by humans, not even infants. So why would motherssynthesize something to breast milk, use their resources to put something therethat is not utilizable by the infant? Usually nature does not work that way.Right? So it was quite a revelation when it was finally understood what's therole of these particles, and that it is to selectively feed the microbes thatare best for infants, and that way to affect the infant health.
当研究人员将目光转向母乳，第二项革命就发生了。这很符合逻辑，正如我提到的，母乳喂养对健康菌群 发展的支持作用 已为人熟知。上世纪 30 年代，人们就已经在母乳中发现了叫做 人乳寡糖（HMO）的颗粒，但是在被发现的几十年后，它们的作用仍是一个谜。研究人员对此感到十分困惑，因为它们在母乳中含量丰富。人乳寡糖实际上是（母乳中）第三大固态物质，但它们无法被人，甚至婴儿消化。那么为什么母亲会消耗资源，在母乳中合成 婴儿无法使用的东西？ 通常情况下，大自然是不会这么做的。是吧？ 所以在人们最终知晓这些颗粒的作用之后 惊讶的发现，人乳寡糖能够选择性的 培育对婴儿来说最好的微生物，从而影响婴儿的健康。
08:12
There are over a hundred of different HMOstructures, and nowadays we are able to synthesize some of them also in thelab, and that enables us to package them up with probiotics for children andinfants who are not able to receive them from breast milk to restore theirmicrobiota after encountering disruptive early life events.
HMO 有上百种不同的结构，现今，我们可以在实验室中 合成其中的一些，这让我们可以将其和益生菌组合起来，帮助那些在经历了 干扰性生命早期事件后，无法从母乳中获取益生菌 来恢复肠道菌群的孩童和婴儿。
08:38
And that is the solution. As a researcher,I must say at this point that research in this field is still ongoing and a lotof work remains to be done. That's a favorite sentence of us scientists. But weare taking steps towards understanding better and better which are the keymissing microbes in various situations and what HMOs we should package withwhich probiotics to help restore the microbiota of that particular baby in thatparticular case.
这就是解决方案。作为研究人员，我必须在此说明，这个领域的研究仍在进展之中，许多的研究仍需要完成。这是科学工作者最喜欢说的一句话。但我们正采取措施，一步步更好的理解在不同情况下缺失的 关键微生物是什么，什么样的 HMO 应该与 什么微生物组合起来 以恢复在特定病例下 特定婴儿的肠道菌群。
09:14
What I wish you to remember from this talkis that, yes, vaginally born breastfed baby has the microbiota we have evolvedto adapt to, but in cases where that is not possible, there are means to reducethe negative health consequences.
我希望你们通过这个演讲记住的是，顺产出生、母乳喂养的婴儿的确拥有 我们通过进化得以适应的菌群，但如果无法实现顺产或母乳喂养，仍有方法可以减少对健康的负面影响。
09:33
Lastly, I wish you to imagine a world for awhile, a world where there would be such a health care system that when youtake your baby to a health care check, they would routinely monitor the gutmicrobiota development of that baby, and if any disruptions would be noted, atailor-made product to restore the microbiota would be prescribed. I mean, howwonderful would that be, if the onset of any chronic diseases would beextremely rare because of this preemptive health care system? Can you imaginesuch a world? Do you believe that that kind of future would be possible?
最后，我希望你们花些时间 想象一下这样的世界，这个世界中有这样的医疗保健体系，当你带你的婴儿去体检时，该系统会程序性的检查婴儿的肠道菌群发展状况，如果有任何的紊乱被检测到了，你就会得到用来恢复菌群的 个性化处方。我的意思是，如果有了这样的 前瞻性医疗保健系统，任何慢性疾病的发病率都显著减少，那会多么美好啊！你们能想象这样的世界吗？ 你们相信这样的未来会实现吗？
10:18
I do. I believe in that future and I wantto contribute in the unfolding of that future, a future in which each baby hasan equal starting point for life to be programmed for lifelong health.
我相信。我相信这样的未来，我也想为实现 这样的未来出一份力—— 一个每个婴儿都有平等起点、能够规划终身健康的未来。
10:33
Thank you.
谢谢。
10:35
(Applause)
（掌声）
