演讲MP3+双语文稿:我们如何利用天体物理学来研究地球问题
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:我们如何利用天体物理学来研究地球问题，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Federica Bianco
TED研究员Federica Bianco是一位跨学科的科学家，她是一位不能静止不动的科学家。
【演讲主题】我们如何利用天体物理学来研究地球问题
How we use astrophysics to study earthbound problems
【中英文字幕】
翻译者Theo Jong 校对者Yolanda Zhang
00:13
I am an astrophysicist. I research stellar explosions across the universe. But I have a flaw: I'm restless, and I get bored easily. And although as an astrophysicist, I have the incredible opportunity to study the entire universe, the thought of doing only that, always that, makes me feel caged and limited. What if my issues with keeping attention and getting bored were not a flaw, though? What if I could turn them into an asset?
我是一名天体物理学家，研究宇宙中的恒星爆炸。但是我有个缺点： 我呆不住，而且很容易厌烦。虽然作为一个天体物理学家，我有很好的机会去研究整个宇宙。但是一想到只能且一直做这一件事，我就感觉被禁锢，被制约。但是，如果我注意力不集中、 容易厌烦的毛病 不是一个缺点，又会怎样呢？ 如果我可以把它们变成 优点，会怎样呢？
00:45
An astrophysicist cannot touch or interact with the things that she studies. No way to explode a star in a lab to figure out why or how it blew up. Just pictures and movies of the sky. Everything we know about the universe, from the big bang that originated space and time, to the formation and evolution of stars and galaxies, to the structure of our own solar system, we figured out studying images of the sky. And to study a system as complex as the entire universe, astrophysicists are experts at extracting simple models and solutions from large and complex data sets. So what else can I do with this expertise?
天体物理学家不能和研究对象 进行接触或者交流，没办法在实验室引爆一颗恒星 来探明其爆炸的原因或方式，而只能依靠天空 的图片和影像进行推理。我们对宇宙所知道的一切，从创造了时间和空间的大爆炸 到恒星和星系的形成与演变，到我们自己太阳系的结构，都是我们通过研究天空 的图像得出的结论。为了研究整个宇宙这样复杂的系统，天体物理学家十分善于 从庞大复杂的数据集中 找出简单的模型和方案。那我还能靠这个专长做什么？
01:28
What if we turned the camera around towards us? At the Urban Observatory, that is exactly what we are doing. Greg Dobler, also an astrophysicist and my husband, created the first urban observatory in New York University in 2013, and I joined in 2015. Here are some of the things that we do. We take pictures of the city at night and study city lights like stars. By studying how light changes over time and the color of astronomical lights, I gain insight about the nature of exploding stars. By studying city lights the same way, we can measure and predict how much energy the city needs and consumes and help build a resilient grid that will support the needs of growing urban environments.
如果我们把镜头转到自己身上，又会发生什么呢？ 这正是我们在城市观测台做的事。我的丈夫，格雷格•多布勒，也是一名天体物理学家, 2013年在纽约市建立了 第一个城市观测台，而我在2015年加入。下面是一些我们做的工作。我们为夜间的城市拍照，像研究恒星一样研究城市的灯光。通过研究光线随时间的变化，以及天体光线的颜色，我窥见恒星爆炸的深层原理。同样地，通过研究城市灯光，我们可以估算城市 需要和消耗的电力，可以帮助构建弹性输电网，以此支持电力需求 和城市发展环境的需要。
02:14
In daytime images, we capture plumes of pollution. Seventy-five percent of greenhouse gases in New York City come from a building like this one, burning oil for heat. You can measure pollution with air quality sensors. But imagine putting a sensor on each New York City building, reading in data from a million monitors. Imagine the cost. With a team of NYU students, we built a mathematical model, a neural network that can detect and track these plumes over the New York City skyline. We can classify them -- harmless steam plumes, white and evanescent; polluting smokestacks, dark and persistent -- and provide policy makers with a map of neighborhood pollution.
在日间图片中，我们捕捉污染的痕迹。纽约市百分之七十五的温室气体 来自于像这样 燃烧石油供暖的建筑。我们可以用空气质量感应器 测量污染程度，但是假设在纽约市 每一栋建筑上都放一个感应器，从无数个检测器上读取数据会怎样？ 想象一下这样做的成本。我们和纽约大学一个学生团队 一起建立了一个数学模型，一个覆盖纽约城市轮廓线，能够侦测并追踪 污染痕迹的神经网络。我们可以把这些痕迹分类： 无害的水蒸汽痕迹是白色的，很快就会消失； 有污染性的烟尘是黑色的，会长期存在—— 所以我们给政策制定者绘制了 一张周边地区的污染分布地图。
02:59
This cross-disciplinary project created transformational solutions. But the data analysis methodologies we use in astrophysics can be applied to all sorts of data, not just images. We were asked to help a California district attorney understand prosecutorial delays in their jurisdiction. There are people on probation or sitting in jail, awaiting for trial sometimes for years. They wanted to know what kind of cases dragged on, and they had a massive data set to explore to understand it, but didn't have the expertise or the instruments in their office to do so. And that's where we came in. I worked with my colleague, public policy professor Angela Hawken, and our team first created a visual dashboard for DAs to see and better understand the prosecution process. But also, we ourselves analyzed their data, looking to see if the duration of the process suffered from social inequalities in their jurisdiction. We did so using methods that I would use to classify thousands of stellar explosions, applied to thousands of court cases. And in doing so, we built a model that can be applied to other jurisdictions who are willing to explore their biases.
这个跨学科的项目催生了 可转换的解决方案，但是我们在天体物理学中 使用的数据分析方法，可以被应用于各种数据，不仅仅是图像。有人请我们去帮助加利福尼亚 的一位地方检察官，来研究他们管辖范围内 的拖延起诉问题。被判缓刑或坐牢的人，有时要等上几年才会受到审判。他们想知道哪种案件会拖延，他们有一个巨大的数据集 需要探索和研究，但是他们没有专业技能，办公室里也没有相应的仪器。而这就是我们来的原因。我和我的同事，公共政策专家 安吉拉•霍肯一起工作，我们的团队首先打造了 一个可视化的操作界面，让地方检察官看到 并更好地理解诉讼流程。但是我们自己也分析了他们的数据，希望能查明在他们管辖范围中 诉讼流程的耗时 是否受社会不公影响。我们采取的方法，是我给数以千计 恒星爆炸分类时用的，而这个方法又被应用到 数以千计的案件中。通过这种方法，我们创建了一个可以 被应用到其他地区的模型，只要他们愿意探究其趋势。
04:09
These collaborations between domain experts and astrophysicists created transformational solutions to help improve people's quality of life. But it is a two-way road. I bring my astrophysics background to urban science, and I bring what I learn in urban science back to astrophysics.
区域专家和天体物理学家的合作，产生了具有转变意义的解决方案，以此帮助改善人们的生活质量。但这是一条双向道。我把我的天体物理学背景知识 应用到城市科学中，同时把学到的知识 用回到天体物理学中。
04:27
Light echoes: the reflections of stellar explosions onto interstellar dust. In our images, these reflections appear as white, evanescent, moving features, just like plumes. I am adapting the same models that detect plumes in city images to detect light echoes in images of the sky.
光有回声： 是恒星爆炸在星际尘埃上 留下的反射痕迹。在我们的图像中，这些反射呈现出白色，带有逐渐消失，正在移动的特征，就像污染痕迹。我正在把利用城市图像 检测污染痕迹的模型，改造成利用星空图 检测光回声的相似模型。
04:52
By exploring the things that interest and excite me, reaching outside of my domain, I did turn my restlessness into an asset. We, you, all have a unique perspective that can generate new insight and lead to new, unexpected, transformational solutions.
通过探索使我感兴趣又激动的事物，走出我的专业领域，我确实把我呆不住 的性格变成了一个优点。我们都有一种独特的视角，可以带来新的深刻见解，从而找到新的，难以预料的，具有转换意义的解决方案。
05:10
Thank you.
谢谢。
05:12
(Applause)
（掌声）
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