演讲MP3+双语文稿:脑部损伤和犯罪之间的惊人关联
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:脑部损伤和犯罪之间的惊人关联，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲者及介绍】Kim Gorgens
金·戈根斯(Kim Gorgens)研究大脑对损伤的反应，并主张我们要注意(灰色)物质。
【演讲主题】脑部损伤和犯罪之间的惊人联系
The surprising connection between brain injuries and crime
【中英文字幕】
翻译者Lipeng Chen 校对者Chen Yunru
00:13
A traumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disruption in brain function caused by an external blow to the head. And when you hear that definition, you might think about sports and professional athletes, since it's the kind of injury we're used to seeing on the playing field. And this imagery has really come to define TBI in the public consciousness. I myself do research on TBI in retired and college athletes. I stood on a TED stage in 2010, talking about concussions in kids' sports. So I have to say, as someone who researches and treats these injuries, that I've been really gratified to see the growing awareness of TBI and specifically, the short- and long-term risks to athletes.
创伤性脑损伤，又称TBI， 是由于头部受到外部重击而导致的大脑功能紊乱。当你们听到这个概念时，你们可能会想到职业运动员，因为这是我们在球场上经常看到的损伤。 这的确是公众意识中脑损伤的形象。 我自己也在研究退役和大学运动员的创伤性脑损伤。2010年我站在TED舞台上，谈论儿童运动中的脑震荡。所以我不得不说，作为研究和治疗这些损伤的人，我为人们对创伤性脑损伤意识的增强感到高兴。尤其是有关运动员的短期和长期风险。
01:02
Today, though, I want to introduce you to a larger but no less controversial group of people impacted by traumatic brain injury, who don't often show up in the headlines. I've come to recognize these inmates and probationers as surprisingly among the most vulnerable members of society. For the last six years, my colleagues and I have been doing research that has completely changed the way we think about the criminal justice system and the people in it. And it may change the way you think about those things, too.
不过，今天我想介绍一个涵盖面更广但富有争议的，受到创伤性脑损伤影响的人群，他们不经常出现在头条上。 我逐渐认识到囚犯和缓刑犯出乎意料地，是社会上最脆弱的群体之一。在过去的六年里，我和我的同事一直在做研究，这完全改变了我们对刑事司法系统以及相关人员的看法。 我们的研究也可能改变你们对这些事情的看法。
01:35
So I'll start with a shocking statistic: 50 to 80 percent of people in criminal justice have a traumatic brain injury. Up to 80 percent. In the general public, in this room, for example, that number is less than five percent. And I'm not just talking about getting your bell rung. These are the kinds of injuries that require hospitalization. Most of them are the product of a physical assault, and some of them are actually sustained in jail. All of these numbers are even higher among the women in criminal justice. Almost every single woman in the criminal justice system has been exposed to interpersonal violence and abuse. More than half of these women have been exposed to repeated brain injuries. In this way, these women's brains look like the brains of retired NFL players, and they'll likely face the same risks for dementing diseases as they age. The same risks.
所以我先从一个令人震惊的统计数据开始：50%到80%的深陷刑事案件的人员曾经受到过脑损伤。高达80%。然而在普通民众中，这个数字不到百分之五。我说的不仅仅是头部受到了撞击。我说的这些损伤需要住院治疗。大部分是由于身体受到攻击引起的他们中的一些人实际上已经被关进了监狱。所有这些数字对于 触犯刑事法律的女性而言更高。刑事案件中几乎每一个女性， 都曾遭受过暴力和虐待。这些女性中有一半以上 脑部反复遭受重击。这些女性的大脑看起来就像是 退役的美国橄榄球联盟球员的大脑，而且随着年龄的增长，她们可能面临着同样的痴呆症风险。同样的风险。
02:50
TBI, together with mental illness and substance abuse and trauma, makes it hard for people to think. They have cognitive impairments like poor judgment and poor impulse control, problems that make criminal justice a revolving door. People get arrested and booked into jail. They oftentimes get into trouble while they're in there. They get into fights. They fall out of their bunk. And then they get released and do stupid things, like forgetting mandatory check-ins, and they get rearrested. Statistically speaking, they're actually more likely to be rearrested than not. A colleague calls this "serving a life sentence 30 days at a time."
脑损伤，与精神疾病、药物滥用和创伤交织作用，使得人们难以思考。他们有认知障碍，比如较差的判断力 和较差的冲动控制能力， 这使得刑事司法成为一道旋转门 （意味着一再进出法院和监狱）。 人们被逮捕并被关进监狱。 他们经常在那里遇到麻烦。 他们打架。他们从床铺上掉下来。然后他们被释放，做一些愚蠢的事情，就像忘记强制登记一样，他们会重新被捕。从统计学上讲，他们更有可能重新被捕。 一位同事称之为 “每次服30天的无期徒刑”。
03:34
And oftentimes, these folks don't know why this is so hard for them. They feel out of control and frustrated. So knowing that TBI is at the root of so many of these challenges, the mission for a group of us in Colorado has been to disrupt that cycle, to jam the revolving the door. So working together with my state and local partners, we crafted a plan to meet everyone's needs: the system, the inmates and probationers, my graduate students. In this program, we assess how each person's brain works so that we can recommend basic modifications to make this system more effective and safer. And here when I say "safer," I mean safer not only for the inmates, but safer also for correctional staff.
通常，这些人不知道为什么这对他们来说如此困难。他们感到失控和沮丧。在得知创伤性脑损伤 是这些挑战的根源之后，我们科罗拉多州的一个小组的任务就是打破这个循环，堵住这扇旋转的门。因此，通过和我所在的州和地方 的合作伙伴合作，我们制定了一个 满足每个参与者需求的计划： 司法系统，囚犯，缓刑犯 和我的研究生。 在这个项目中，我们评估每个人的大脑是如何工作的以便我们建议做出基本的修改，使得这个系统更有效 并且更安全。 在这里，当我说“更安全”时，我的意思是不仅对囚犯更安全，对于惩教人员也更安全。
04:28
In some ways, this is such a simple approach. We're not treating the brain injury, we're treating the underlying problem that gets people into all of this trouble in the first place. We do quick neuropsychological screening tests to identify strengths and weaknesses in the way an inmate thinks. Using that information, we write two reports. One, a report for the system with specific recommendations on how to manage that inmate. The other is a letter to the inmate with specific suggestions for how to manage themselves. For example, if our test result suggests that a probationer has a hard time remembering the things they hear, that would be an auditory memory deficit. In that case, our letter to the court might suggest that that probationer get handouts of important information. And our letter to that probationer would say, among other things, that they should carry a notebook to record that information for themselves.
在某些方面，这是一种非常简单的方法。我们不是在治疗脑损伤，我们把处理 让人们陷入困境的根本问题 。放在第一位。我们做快速的神经心理检查，以囚犯的思维方式 找出优点和缺点。利用这些信息，我们写了两份报告。 一，给司法系统的报告，关于如何管理那个囚犯的具体建议。另一封是给犯人的信， 关于如何管理自己的具体建议。 例如，如果我们的测试结果表明一个缓刑犯很难 记住他们听到的东西，那可能是听觉记忆缺陷。在这种情况下，我们给法院的信可能会建议给那个缓刑犯有关重要信息的手册。我们给那个缓刑犯的信中会说，他们应该随身携带 一本笔记本来记录这些信息。
05:33
Now, most importantly, is that I pause here to be really clear about one point. This program does not minimize responsibility or make excuses for anyone's behavior. This is about changing longstanding negative perceptions and building self-advocacy. It's actually about taking responsibility. The inmates move from, "I'm a total screwup, I'm a loser," to, "Here's what I don't do well, and here's what I have to do about it."
现在，最重要的是，我在这里停下来想澄清一点。这个计划并没有逃避责任，或者为任何人的行为找借口。这主要是改变长期以来的负面看法 并倡导自我重建。实际上是要承担责任。囚犯们从“我彻底搞砸了，我是个失败者。”转变为“我做得不好，但这就是我要改进的。”
06:09
(Applause)
（掌声）
06:16
And the system comes to see an inmate's problematic behavior as the things they can't do versus the things they won't do. And that change -- seeing behavior as a deficit rather than outright defiance -- is everything in these settings.
司法系统逐渐认识到 囚犯的问题行为 是因为他们做不到， 而不是因为他们不想做。 这一变化—— 把行为看成是一种缺陷 而不是彻底的蔑视—— 就是这一系列设计想达成的目的。
06:36
We hear from inmates around the country, and they write, and more than anything, they want to know how to help themselves. This is an excerpt from a letter from Troy in Virginia, an excerpt from a 50-page letter. And he writes, "Can you tell me what you think of all the head traumas I've dealt with? What can I do? Can you help me?"
我们收到了来自全国囚犯的来信，他们写信，更重要的是，他们想知道如何帮助自己。这是一封来自弗吉尼亚州一位名叫特洛伊的囚犯的信件摘录，从长达50页的信中摘录的。 他写道，“你能告诉我你对我经历过的 所有头部创伤有什么看法吗？我能做什么？你能帮我吗？”
07:01
Closer to home, we have thousands of stories like this, and smart stories, stories that have a great outcome. Here's Vinny. Vinny was hit by a car when he was 15, and from that moment forward, spent more time in jail than in school. With some basic skill-building, after our assessment revealed that he had some pretty significant memory impairments, Vinny learned to use the alarm and reminder function on his iPhone to track important appointments, and he keeps a checklist to break larger tasks into smaller, manageable ones. And with basic tools like that under his belt, Vinny's been out of jail for two years, clean for nine months, and recently back to work.
言归正传，我们有上千个这样的故事，精彩的故事，有很好结果的故事。这是维尼。维尼15岁时被车撞了，从那时起，他在监狱里呆的时间 比在学校里多。通过一些基本技能的培训，那是在我们的评估显示他有相当严重的记忆障碍之后，维尼在他的iPhone上学会了使用闹钟和提醒功能。跟踪记录重要的约定，他还做了一份清单， 以把更大的任务 变成更小的，可管理的任务。 多亏了这样的基本工具， 维尼已经出狱两年了， 九个月内没有犯罪记录， 最近又开始工作了。
07:47
(Applause)
（掌声）
07:54
What's so striking for Vinny is that this is his first time off of court supervision since his injury more than 15 years ago. He made it out of the revolving door.
对于维尼来说，最让人惊叹的是 这是自他15年前受伤以来 首次在脱离庭外监管。他从司法旋转门中脱身了。
08:08
(Applause)
（掌声）
08:14
He says now, "I can do anything. I just have to work a lot harder at it." (Laughs)
他现在说，“我能做任何事。我只需要更努力的工作就行了。”（笑）
08:22
And here's Thomas. Thomas has some pretty significant attention and behavior problems after an injury landed him in a coma for more than a month. After relearning how to walk, his first stop? Court. He couldn't imagine a future where he wasn't in trouble. He now carries a calendar to avoid being held in contempt for missed court dates, and he schedules a break into his day every day to recharge before he gets agitated.
这是托马斯。托马斯自受伤、昏迷了一个多月后，开始产生一些相当严重的 注意力和行为问题。在重新学会走路之后，他的第一站？法庭。他无法想象没有麻烦的未来。他现在带着日历，以避免因为缺席庭审而被判蔑视法庭，他每天都安排时间休息，使他在焦躁不安前平静下来。
08:54
And nobody knows the revolving door better than the person sitting at the front of the courtroom. This is my good friend and colleague Judge Brian Bowen. Now, Judge Bowen was already on a mission to make the system work for everyone, and when he heard about this program, he saw the perfect fit. He actually sits down with all of his prosecutors to help them see that there's basically two categories of defendants in the courtroom: the ones we're afraid of -- oftentimes, rightfully so -- and the ones we're mad at. These are the ones who miss all of their scheduled appointments and they blow through the best-laid probation plans. And Judge Bowen believes that, with a little more support, we could move people in this latter category, the maddening category, through and ultimately out of the system.
没有人更了解旋转门比坐在法庭最前排的人。这是我的好朋友和同事，布莱恩·伯恩法官。现在，伯恩法官已经承担起让司法系统为每个人工作的使命，当他听说这个项目时，他觉得非常合适。他和所有的检察官坐在一起，帮助他们发现 基本上有两类被告人 在法庭上： 我们害怕的那些—— 通常，是这样的—— 还有那些让我们很抓狂的人。他们错过了所有预定的出庭日，因而搞砸了缓刑计划。鲍恩法官认为，如果能得到更多的支持，我们可以调动后一类人，令人发狂的那类人，通过，并最终退出司法系统。
09:45
He proved that with Navy veteran Mike. Judge Bowen saw the correlation between Mike's history of a massive 70-foot fall and his long-standing pattern of difficulty showing up on the right day for court appointments and complying with mandatory therapy requirements, for example. And instead of sentencing him to more and more jail time, Judge Bowen sent him home with maps and checklists and handouts and recommended instead vocational rehabilitation and flexible scheduling for those therapies. And this with those supports, Mike's back to work for the first time since his injury while he was in the service. He's repairing relationships with his family, and just last month, he graduated from Judge Bowen's veteran's court.
他与海军老兵迈克证明了这一点。鲍恩法官看出了以下两者的相关性：一是迈克曾从70英尺高摔下， 二是他长期以来无法按时 出现在庭审上。还有，例如无法遵守 强制性治疗的相关性。伯恩法官不是判处他 越来越多的监禁，而是让他回家，给予地图、清单和手册，并建议改为职业康复 以及灵活的治疗计划。有了这些支持，迈克又开始工作了，这是他在服役期间 受伤之后的第一次。他在修复与家人的关系，就在上个月，他从伯恩法官的老兵法庭“毕业”了。
10:38
(Applause)
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10:46
This program shows us the overwhelming prevalence of traumatic brain injuries and cognitive deficits and the accumulation of brokenness in the criminal justice system. And it highlights the extraordinary power of resilience and responsibility. In Mike and Thomas and Vinny, even Judge Bowen's story, you saw the transformation made possible by a change in perception and some simple accommodations. All told, in this program, these inmates and probationers come to see themselves differently. The system sees them differently, and when you meet them in the community, I hope you see them differently, too.
这个项目向我们展现了创伤性脑损伤和认知缺陷无处不在，以及刑事司法系统中的种种不足。它强调了非凡的韧性和责任感。在迈克、托马斯、维尼，甚至是鲍恩法官的故事中， 你们看到了认知改变以及 一些简单的调整 所带来的转变。总之，在这个项目中，这些囚犯和缓刑犯对自己的看法改变了。司法系统对他们的看法改变了，当你们在社区里遇到他们时， 我希望你们也能以不同的方式看待他们。
11:36
Thanks, guys.
谢谢你们。
11:37
(Applause)
（掌声）
