2022年12月13日 VOA慢速英语：一种加速堆肥过程的方法

 

From VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report.
这是来自美国之音慢速英语的健康与生活方式报道。
 
The key to healthy plants is healthy soil. And the best way to improve soil is by using compost.
健康植物的关键是健康的土壤。改善土壤的最佳方法是使用堆肥。
 
Compost is decayed, or broken down, organic matter used as fertilizer. It helps heavy clay soil drain water. And it helps loose sandy soil keep water. Compost gives off nutrients and microbes to feed plants and increase their energy. It also decreases the need for traditional fertilizer.
堆肥腐烂或分解后，有机物用作肥料。它有助于重粘土排水。它还有助于疏松的沙质土壤保持水分。堆肥释放出养分和微生物来喂养植物并增加它们的能量。它还减少了对传统肥料的需求。
 
But homemade compost takes time and effort. You must turn it around often to give it oxygen. And you must keep it wet -- but not too wet. Also, compost can take up to a year to make.
但是自制堆肥需要时间和精力。你必须经常把它转过来给它氧气。而且你必须保持它湿润——但不能太湿。此外，堆肥可能需要长达一年的时间才能完成。
 
Now there is an easier and faster way to compost.
现在有一种更简单、更快捷的堆肥方法。
 
Bokashi is a composting method that uses microorganisms to break down organic matter. Made in Japan in the 1980s, bokashi replaces the oxygen-fueled decay process with fermentation. In other words, an enzyme breaks down the organic matter.
Bokashi 是一种利用微生物分解的堆肥方法有机物。 bokashi 于 1980 年代在日本制造，用发酵代替以氧气为燃料的腐烂过程。换句话说，酶分解有机物。
 
With this method, you can have compost ready to use in as little as 10 days. Plus, the process creates a product that has more nutrients than traditional compost.
使用这种方法，您可以在短短 10 天内准备好堆肥。此外，该过程产生的产品比传统堆肥具有更多的营养成分。
 
Traditional composting is usually done outdoors. But Bokashi composting can be done in a small, indoor space.
传统堆肥通常在户外进行。但 Bokashi 堆肥可以在狭小的室内空间内完成。
 
The only equipment needed is a 19-liter container with a spout and tight-fitting top. To start the fermentation process, you need a bag of inoculant or microbes. Bokashi inoculants usually contain wheat bran, wheat germ, or sawdust. To get started, you can buy a kit with supplies or research how to do it yourself.
唯一需要的设备是一个 19 升的容器，容器带有喷嘴和紧密贴合的顶部。要开始发酵过程，您需要一袋接种剂或微生物。 Bokashi 接种剂通常含有麦麸、小麦胚芽或木屑。开始时，您可以购买带耗材的工具包或研究如何自己动手。
 
Add kitchen waste, such as vegetables skins and eggshells, to the container in five-centimeter layers. Put a small handful of inoculant over each layer as you go. Put the lid on tightly between additions. You might cover the layers with a plate or plastic wrap before closing the container to reduce oxygen.
将菜皮、蛋壳等厨余垃圾分五厘米层层放入容器中。边走边在每一层上放一小把孕育剂。在添加之间盖紧盖子。在关闭容器以减少氧气之前，您可以用盘子或保鲜膜覆盖这些层。
 
When the container is full, take the liquid from the spout every couple of days. Put about five milliliters of that "compost tea" into about one liter of water.
当容器装满后，每隔几天从喷嘴中取出液体。将大约 5 毫升这种“堆肥茶”放入大约 1 升水中。
 
Then put the highly nutritious liquid on garden or houseplant soil. Be sure to not put it directly on leaves or flowers. And use the liquid within a day or so of collecting it.
然后将这种高营养液体放在花园或室内植物的土壤上。一定不要将它直接放在叶子或花朵上。并在收集后一天左右使用液体。
 
Meat and dairy food leftovers are not put into traditional compost. It does not get hot enough to kill harmful bacteria and parasites. However, these types of food waste can be added to the bokashi container. The microorganisms in the bokashi container will destroy any germs in the animal products.
肉类和奶制品的剩菜不会放入传统的堆肥中。它的温度不足以杀死有害细菌和寄生虫。但是，可以将这些类型的食物垃圾添加到 bokashi 容器中。 bokashi 容器中的微生物会破坏动物产品中的任何细菌。
 
Ingredients should be added and the top put back on quickly. You want to avoid too much oxygen getting into the container.
应添加成分并迅速盖上顶部。您要避免过多的氧气进入容器。
 
The tightly closed container should not give off any smells into the room. But you may notice a sweet-and-sour smell when the lid is opened. This is normal.
密闭的容器不应向房间散发任何气味。但打开盖子时，您可能会闻到酸甜的气味。这个是正常的。
 
A bad smell, however, means that something has gone wrong.
然而，难闻的气味意味着出现了问题。
 
If you smell a rotting-egg odor or if dark-colored mold is seen within the container, try adding more inoculant. If the situation is not better within a couple of days, throw away the material. Clean the container well and start over.
如果您闻到腐烂的鸡蛋味或容器内发现深色霉菌，请尝试添加更多孕育剂。如果情况在几天内没有好转，请丢弃材料。彻底清洁容器并重新开始。
 
When the fermentation process is complete — in as little as 10 days — the resulting organic matter will still look like the original material. But it will decompose quickly. It can be buried in holes in a new garden bed at least two weeks before planting. Be sure to cover the compost completely with soil.
当发酵过程完成时（短短 10 天），产生的有机物仍将看起来像原始材料。但它会很快分解。它可以在种植前至少两周埋在新花园床的洞里。确保用土壤完全覆盖堆肥。
 
You can also add the material to the center of a traditional or worm composting bin or pile. Mix well with the contents and everything will break down more.
您也可以将材料添加到传统或蠕虫堆肥箱或堆的中心。与内容物充分混合，一切都会分解得更多。
 
The idea of creating "pre-compost" only to add it to a traditional compost pile might seem strange. However, consider this: adding bokashi-decomposed ingredients will save you many months. It offers you a fast track to finished compost.
创建“预堆肥”只是为了将其添加到传统堆肥堆中的想法可能看起来很奇怪。但是，考虑一下：添加 bokashi 分解的成分将为您节省好几个月的时间。它为您提供了完成堆肥的快速通道。
 
If you do not have a traditional compost pile, you can finish your bokashi compost by digging a hole and burying the material in one place in your garden. After two weeks, you can dig up what you need and use it as you would regular compost.
如果您没有传统的堆肥堆，您可以通过挖一个洞并将材料埋在花园的一个地方来完成您的 bokashi 堆肥。两周后，您可以挖出您需要的东西，并像常规堆肥一样使用它。
 
But be careful that the bokashi material is safely away from plants. Take care to avoid direct contact with roots. The fermented product is very acidic and will burn the plants.
但请注意，bokashi 材料要安全地远离植物。注意避免直接接触根部。发酵产品酸性很强，会灼伤植物。
 
For the same reason, this fermented compost should not be used as mulch unless it has been additionally composted using traditional methods.
出于同样的原因，这种发酵堆肥不应用作覆盖物，除非它已经使用传统方法额外堆肥。