大学英语语法：简单句：陈述句

陈述句：

用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。

▲陈述句的肯定式： He is a middle school student.(他是个中学生)/ I have a hammer in my hand.(我手上有把锤子)/ She teaches us geography.(她教我们地理)/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.(新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢)

▲陈述句的否定式：

1)谓语动词如果是 be 、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如：My brother is not a teacher.(我的弟弟不是教师)/ He does not have a cousin.(他没有堂兄弟)/ I will not go there tomorrow.(明天我不去那儿)/ My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.(我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭)/ You must not make such mistakes again.(你不该再犯类似错误了) / We haven’t discussed the question yet(我们还没有讨论那个问题呢).

2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(don’t).如： I don’t know anything about it.(此事我一无所知) / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.(李明不在农村养猪)/ We didn’t expect to meet her right here.(我们没指望着在这里见到她)/ We didn’t have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)

3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与have got的否定式相同。如：I haven’t (got) any brothers or sisters.(我没有兄弟姐妹)

have 的否定形式：

当表示“有”的意思时，可以采用以下三种形式：have+not;do not+ have; have+ no+ n. 如：I have not enough food to eat.= I do not have enough food to eat. =I have no enough food to eat.

当have为助动词时，用“have+ not”结构。如：I have not been toShanghai。

当have既不表示“有”，也不作助动词用时，用“do not+ have”结构。I didn’t have breakfast this morning.

具体到反义疑问句中，则遵循以下原则：

a.当have表示“有”含义时，反意疑部问部分可以用have形式，也可以用do形式。例如：

He has a book in his hand, hasn't he?

He has a book in his hand, doesn't he?

b.当陈述部分的动词是have“有”的否定形式时，反意疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式，取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如：

You haven't a car, have you?

You don't have any money with you, do you?

c.当have不表示“有”含义而表示其他含义时，反意疑问句则必须用do的形式。例如：

We had a good time in the vacation, didn't we?

He has his breakfast at seven everyday, doesn't he?

You have to get up early tomorrow, don't you?

[注意]

①句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、not…at all等;All of them went there.→None of them went there.(他们全都去了那里→他们全都没去那里)

②句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时, 则视为否定句。如：Few people live there because life there is very hard.(几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了)

③陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如：That’s your boss?(那就是你的老板?!)

④陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序, 即：主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。

⑤所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。如：The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. (老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家)/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?(能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗?)