Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalization and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
1.The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _____.
A.sociology and chemistry B.physics and psychology
C.sociology and psychology D.physics and chemistry
2.We can infer from the passage that______.
A.there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization
B.amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
C.professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
D.amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
3.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.
A.the process of specialization and professionalization
B.the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
C.the change of policies in scientific publications
D.the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
4.The direct reason for specialization is ______.
A.the development in communication B.the growth of professionalization
C.the expansion of scientific knowledge D.the splitting up of academic societies
5.Which statement about the amateur is correct?
A.Professionals and amateurs are very different from each other in science.
B.The growth of specialization improves the amateur participation in science.
C.In the twentieth century, due to the increasing developments of science, the difference between the professional and amateur become larger than before.
D.A similar process of differentiation occurred in the specific societies of geometry.
长难例句分析
［长难例句］A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
［结构分析］本句是一个主从复合句。主句中的主语是process，谓语是has led to，分词分句“professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies”作宾语。whereas引导了一个比较从句，从句中的主语是the amateurs，谓语是have tended, 而either to remain or to come together作宾语。
［参考译文］另一相近的分化过程是，全国专业地质学者会聚一堂，组成一两个专业小组，与之相反，业余人员要么倾向于占据地方学会，要么就以另外的不同于前者的方式在全国范围内联合。
全文参考译文
专业分工可以看成是对科学知识不断增加的问题的应对之策。通过把科学知识按课题不同划分成更小的单元，人们能继续掌握这些知识并把它用作进一步研究的基础。然而，专业分工仅是科学上影响交流进程的一系列相关科学发展的一个方面。另一方面则是科学活动的不断专业化。
专业人员和业余人员之间在科学上无法作出明确的划分：因为任何规则都有例外。不过“业余人员”一词确实含有如此的意义：他并没有彻底融入科学界，尤其是，可能不能完全分享其价值。19世纪专业分工的发展加上时间更长、内容更复杂的培训，暗示了业余人员参加科学活动将会碰到更多的问题。这一趋势在以数学或实验室培训为基础的科学领域里自然表现得尤为突出。英国地质学的发展可以阐明这一趋势。
比较一下英国过去一个半世纪的地质学方面的刊物，人们发现，不仅研究的重要性愈来愈受到强调，学术论文的出版标准亦在不断改变。因而，即使19世纪区域地质学研究本身代表了有价值的科研活动；但是，在20世纪，区域研究唯有包容、思考更广泛的问题，才会逐渐被专业人员所接受。另外，业余人员仍然用从前的方式进行区域研究。其结果导致了业余人员在专业地质刊物上发表论文更加困难。19世纪的国家级杂志和20世纪的几家地方地质杂志先后广泛引进评审制度，促使该问题表现得更为明显。这一发展的必然结果是，导致分别出现了以专业读者或业余读者为主要对象的刊物。另一相近的分化进程是，全国专业地质学者会聚一堂，组成一两个专业小组，与之相反，业余人员要么倾向于占据地方学会，要么就以另外的不同于前者的方式在全国范围内联合。
尽管在19世纪，专业化和专业分工进程在英国地质学领域里就早已开始形成，可其成果被推迟到20世纪才充分显现。无论如何，从整个科学领域的范围来说，19世纪必定被看成这种科学结构转变的至关重要的时期。
题目答案与解析
1.19世纪专业化的发展可能在一些科学领域表现得更为突出，例如______。
A.社会学与化学 B.物理学与心理学 C.社会学与心理学 D.物理学与化学
【答案】D
【解析】本题可参照文章的第二段。从文章第二段倒数两句话可知，19世纪专业化的发展以及随后时间更长、内容更复杂的训练要求暗示——业余人员参与科学研究所面临的问题会更大；当然，在那些尤其以数学或实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种趋势表现得最明显，英国地质学的发展可以阐明这种趋势。据此可知，19世纪专业化的发展在那些以数学或实验室训练为基础的科学领域可能表现得更为突出。D项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
2.我们可以从本文推知，______。
A.专业化和职业化之间几乎没有区别
B.业余人员能够在科学的某些领域同专业人员竞争
C.专业人员往往欢迎业余研究人员加入科学团体
D.业余人员拥有全国性学术机构，但没有地方性学术机构
【答案】B
【解析】从文章第三段的内容可知，在19世纪，区域地质学研究代表的是一些独立完成的、有价值的科学研究；但是，到20世纪时，区域地质学研究唯有包容、思考更广泛的地质学问题，才会逐渐被专业人员接受；另外，业余人员仍然以从前的方式进行区域地质学研究。据此可知，业余人员可以在某些研究领域同专业人员竞争。B项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
3.作者写了地质学的发展，用以论证______。
A.专业化与职业化的发展过程 B.业余人员在科学研究中的艰辛
C.科学出版政策上的变化 D.专业人员对业余人员的歧视
【答案】A
【解析】从文章第二段的最后一句话可知，尤其在那些以数学或实验室培训为基础的科学领域，这种业余人员参与科学研究的趋势表现得最明显，英国地质学的发展可以阐明这种趋势；第三段则详细说明了英国地质学的发展是如何论证了这种趋势。据此可知，作者利用地质学发展的例子是为了说明业余人员与专业学者之间的分化过程。A项与文章的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
4.专业化的直接原因是_________。
A.交流的发展 B.职业化的发展 C.科学知识的扩展 D.学术团体的分化
【答案】C
【解析】本题可参照文章的第一段。从中可知，专业化可以被看成是对科学知识不断增加的问题的应对之策；通过把科学知识按课题不同划分成更小的单位，人们能够继续掌握这些知识，并把它作为进一步研究的基础。据此可知，专业化的直接原因是科学知识的不断增加。C项与文中的意思相符，因此为正确答案。
5.关于“业余人员”，哪个说法是正确的？
A.在科学领域，专业人员和业余人员彼此大不相同。
B.专业化的发展提高了业余人员的科学参与机会。
C.在20世纪，因为科学的加速发展，专业人员和业余人员之间的差距比原来加大了。
D.相类似的差异化发生在地理学的专业团体中。
【答案】C
【解析】本科考查对语义的理解。第一个选项跟第二段的第一句话矛盾。第二个选项跟第二段的第三句话相冲突。第四个选项在数量上跟文中描述的within one or two不符。
